g
n
i
n
n
i
g
e
B riting
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1
Joanne Suter
Three Watson
Irvine, CA 92618-2767
E-Mail:
[email protected]
Website: www.sdlback.com
Development and Production: Laurel Associates, Inc.
Copyright © 2001 by Saddleback Publishing, Inc. All rights reserved. No part
of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage
and retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher, with
the exception below.
Pages labeled with the statement Saddleback Publishing, Inc. © 2001
are intended for reproduction. Saddleback Publishing, Inc. grants to
individual purchasers of this book the right to make sufficient copies of
reproducible pages for use by all students of a single teacher. This permission
is limited to a single teacher, and does not apply to entire schools or school
systems.
ISBN 1-56254-147-1
Printed in the United States of America
05 04 03 02 01
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
GET READY
GET SET
UNDERSTANDING PARTS OF SPEECH
DEVELOPING SENTENCES
1
Nouns
28
Avoiding and Correcting Fragments I
2
Collective Nouns
29
Avoiding and Correcting Fragments II
3
Verbs
30
Run-Ons I
4
Verb Phrases
31
Run-Ons II
5
Irregular Verb Forms
32
Parallel Elements
6
Pronouns
33
Inverted Sentences
7
Indefinite Pronouns
34
Active and Passive Verbs
8
Subject-Verb Agreement
35
9
Conjunctions
LAUGH OUT LOUD! Malapropisms
(Ludicrous Misuse of Words)
36
Review
10
Adjectives
11
Choosing Appropriate Adjectives
12
Adverbs
13
Adverbs That Tell How, When, and Where
14
Choosing Appropriate Adverbs
15
Prepositions
16
Interjections
17
LAUGH OUT LOUD! Misused Homonyms
18
Review
DEVELOPING PARAGRAPHS
37
Stating the Main Idea
38
Using Relevant Details
39
Using Facts and Examples
40
Comparing and Contrasting
41
Cause and Effect
42
Putting Detail Sentences in Order
43
Using Transitions
44
Review
UNDERSTANDING THE SENTENCE
PREWRITING/IDEAS AND CONTENT
19
A Complete Thought
20
Four Kinds of Sentences
21
Compound Subjects
22
Compound Predicates
23
Using Phrases
24
Using Clauses
25
Using Direct and Indirect Objects
26
LAUGH OUT LOUD! Misplaced Modifiers,
Dangling Phrases
27
Review
45
Determining Purpose
46
Narrowing Your Topic
47
Writing to Persuade
48
Writing to Inform
49
Writing to Describe
50
Writing to Instruct (How To)
51
Personal Interests
52
Personal Experiences
53
Brainstorming
i
54
Tone (Formal or Informal?)
76
Capitalization I
55
Deciding on Point of View
77
Capitalization II
56
Deciding on Verb Tense
78
Commas I
57
LAUGH OUT LOUD! Misplaced and
Dangling Modifiers
79
Commas II
80
Punctuating Quotations I
58
Review
81
Punctuating Quotations II
82
Unnecessary Repetition
83
Double Negatives
WRITE
PRACTICAL WRITING
59
The Friendly Letter
84
Proofreader’s Marks
60
Thank-You Letters
85
LAUGH OUT LOUD! Misspelled Words
61
Sending Messages
86
Review
62
The Business Letter
63
Addressing an Envelope
64
LAUGH OUT LOUD! Misused Words
65
Review
CREATIVE WRITING
66
Expanding Sentences
67
Using Your Senses
68
Haiku
69
Writing About Pictures
70
Writing About People
71
LAUGH OUT LOUD! What’s in a Name?
72
Review
CHECKING YOUR WRITING
ii
IMPROVING YOUR WRITING
87
Sentence Variety I: Varying Sentence
Beginnings
88
Sentence Variety II: Combining Sentences
89
Sentence Variety III: Avoiding “And”
Sentences
90
Concise Writing
91
Avoiding Mixed Comparisons
92
Recognizing Facts and Opinions
93
Qualifying Opinions
94
Making and Qualifying Generalizations
95
Word Choices
96
New Beginnings
97
Effective Endings
73
Spelling Demons
98
Writing Titles
74
Double Trouble
99
LAUGH OUT LOUD! Headline Horrors
75
Letters Often Left Out
100
Review
ANSWER KEY
UNDERSTANDING PARTS OF SPEECH
1 NOUNS
A. 1. Emily, PN; spy, CN 2. teenager, CN;
mission, CN 3. Emily, PN; shoes, CN; carpet,
CN 4. spy, CN; door, CN; bedroom, CN
5. Margo, PN; homework, CN; Emily, PN;
mother, CN 6. sneakiness, CN; Margo, PN;
sister, CN
B. Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. Mrs. Martin carefully explained the rules.
3. Passengers were upset when Southern
Airlines canceled flights. 4. Hawkins Sporting
Goods offered a refund to every unhappy
customer.
2 COLLECTIVE NOUNS
A. 2. a 3. b 4. e 5. d
B. 1. Senate, has 2. family, needs 3. team, is
4. army, had 5. Carter, Committee, have
3 VERBS
A. Verbs will vary. 1. A, love 2. A, drank
3. S, is 4. S, is 5. A, prefer
B. In my grandma’s living room was a portrait of
Elvis Presley on black velvet. Everyone in the
family voiced an opinion about the picture.
Uncle Leo called it hideous. Aunt Sally
groaned when she looked at it. When I
looked at the picture, I felt happy. I believed it
was the most beautiful thing in Grandma’s
house.
4 VERB PHRASES
1. would carry 2. were used 3. have been
used 4. will release 5. will find 6. must
reach 7. must have been flying
5 IRREGULAR VERB FORMS
A.
ACROSS:
2. swam 5. ran 6. grew 7. tore
DOWN: 1. caught 2. sank 3. froze 4. sent
B. 2. flew 3. drove 4. wrote
6 PRONOUNS
A. 1. Karen, Marvin, president 2. teenagers,
yellow, Rudy 3. car, family, Charlene
B. 1. it 2. They 3. its 4. one
7 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
A. 2. S, Each, has been given 3. S, Everybody, is
4. P, Some, don’t want 5. P, few, feel
6. P, Most, think 7. S, nobody, will be
B. Answers will vary.
8 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
A. Possible answers: 1. plays 2. run 3. rides
4. think
B. 1. Percy plays in the basketball tournament
tomorrow. 2. When do the teams celebrate
their victories? 3. Some people like to play
sports, and others prefer to watch. 4. To
build strength, Marlene uses weights in her
training.
9 CONJUNCTIONS
A. 1. and 2. but 3. but 4. or
B. 1. and 2. but 3. so
10 ADJECTIVES
A. 1. ferocious 2. big 3. two 4. endangered
5. that
B. Circled words in A: 1. look 2. cats 3. cubs
4. species 5. cub
C. Answers will vary.
11 CHOOSING APPROPRIATE ADJECTIVES
A. 1. huge 2. Rocky 3. fascinating 4. strong
5. massive 6. powerful 7. golden
8. magnificent 9. colorful
B. 1. carefully 2. massive 3. famous (cross out
the e) 4. masterful
12 ADVERBS
A. 1. swiftly 2. today 3. nearly
B. 1. how 2. to what degree 3. where
4. when
Circle: 1. furiously 2. completely
3. everywhere 4. Yesterday
Underline: 1. rowed 2. drenched
3. rafted 4. took
C. Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. Today 2. everywhere 3. quickly 4. very
13 ADVERBS THAT TELL HOW, WHEN,
AND WHERE
A. HOW? slowly, gladly, sweetly, hard, silently,
expertly
WHEN? tomorrow, yesterday, now, soon,
never, sometime
WHERE? here, near, outside, everywhere,
far, nowhere
B. 1. Yesterday 2. never 3. expertly
4. nowhere 5. gladly 6. tomorrow (or: now,
soon, sometime)
14 CHOOSING APPROPRIATE ADVERBS
A. 1. sideways 2. carefully 3. elderly
4. wisely 5. lengthwise 6. lightly
B. 1. jointly 2. magically 3. deeply 4. heavily
5. graciously
iii
15 PREPOSITIONS
A. 1. up 2. against 3. out 4. near 5. under
B. 1. on the beach; position 2. down to the
storm cellar; direction 3. during the hurricane;
time 4. After the storm; time 5. in the
Midwest;position 6. from high winds; cause
16 INTERJECTIONS
A. 1. ! 2. , 3. ! 4. ,
B. 1. Gee 2. Ouch 3. Wait 4. My goodness
C. 1. My goodness, 2. Hey! 3. Whew!
4. Well,
17 LAUGH OUT LOUD! Misused Homonyms
2. bear=bare, adjective 3. weight=wait, noun
4. scent=cent, noun 5. steak=stake, noun
6. reel=real, adjective 7. cereal=serial,
adjective 8. blew=blue, adjective
18 REVIEW
A. 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. T 7. F
B. Possible answsers: 2. opened, verb
3. ridiculous, adjective 4. luckily, adverb
C. Possible answsers: 1. under, preposition
2. Hurrah, interjection 3. Well, interjection
UNDERSTANDING THE SENTENCE
19 A COMPLETE THOUGHT
A. 1. won 2. team 3. fans 4. was
B. Answers will vary.
C. Answers will vary.
20 FOUR KINDS OF SENTENCES
A. 1. d 2. c 3. b 4. a
B. (.) (.) (!) (?) (.) (.)
21 COMPOUND SUBJECTS
A. 1. Refrigerators and washing machines (use)
2. Jack and Janet (work) 3. biking or
carpooling (preserves) 4. wind and the sun
(create) 5. coal nor other fossil fuels (are)
6. Dad or the kids (pick)
B. 2. Lia, Paul, and Mark conserve water.
3. Jerry and I collect newspapers.
22 COMPOUND PREDICATES
A. 1. wrote and mailed 2. will dance and sing
3. drive or walk 4. eat and visit
5. swam and played
B. 1. assembled and baked 2. laughed and
cheered 3. ate and drank 4. barked and
begged 5. rent and watch 6. buy or pop
23 USING PHRASES
1. up the mountain 2. around midnight
3. should always wear 4. a tall, mysterious
stranger 5. one good reason 6. in his soup
7. with an open mouth 8. in the salesman’s
face 9. for boredom 10. will be playing
iv
24 USING CLAUSES
A. 1. rings 2. come 3. works 4. path
B. Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. that has the best driver 3. During the
storm 4. unless you have a permit
5. When the water is dirty
25 USING DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS
A. Answers will vary.
B. Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. The three judges gave Lisa first prize.
3. George paid the cab driver six dollars.
4. The defendant told the jury the truth.
26 LAUGH OUT LOUD! Misplaced Modifiers,
Dangling Phrases
A. 2. Leonard found his tennis trophy, after
years of it being lost. 3. With binoculars, I
could see a hawk flying above the treetops.
4. I gobbled the pizza covered with melted
cheese and spicy tomato sauce.
B. Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. Before I watch television, I have to finish
my homework. 3. When she mixed whites
and colors, her laundry turned a deep shade
of pink. 4. As I drove across the prairie, I
saw two eagles.
27 REVIEW
A. 1. d 2. e 3. b 4. g 5. f 6. a 7. c
B. 1. period 2. question mark
3. capital letter 4. exclamation point
C. 1. compound subject 2. phrase 3. clause
4. compound predicate
DEVELOPING SENTENCES
28 AVOIDING AND CORRECTING FRAGMENTS I
A. 1. C 2. F 3. F 4. C 5. F 6. C 7. C 8. F
B. 1. subject 2. verb 3. subject 4. subject
5. subject
29 AVOIDING AND CORRECTING FRAGMENTS II
A. 1. Jane hurried faster, thinking she might
miss the bus. 2. She stumbled on the curb
and dropped her books. 3. When Jane got
on the bus, she saw her friend. 4. I can read
or sleep when I travel by bus. 5. As the bus
approached her stop, Jane pulled the buzzer.
B. Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. Carrying his heavy bags, Joe boarded the
tour bus. 2. He was looking for an empty
seat by the window. 3. The woman sitting
behind him was snoring loudly. 4. He stared
at the strange group of passengers getting
off. 5. He wondered why he liked riding
buses so much.
30 RUN-ONS I
A. 2. The huge model was built of wood, wire,
cloth, and metal. It was covered with 40
bearskins. 3. Audiences screamed as King
Kong descended upon New York. They
believed he was real!
B. 2. Models contain sensors, and the
technicians activate them by remote control.
3. The operators can make the model
monster look sad, or they can make it look
fierce.
31 RUN-ONS II
A. Reports of the ape-like beast come from
around the world they seem to come mainly
from Pacific Northwest forests.
According to observers, Bigfoot is 8 feet tall
he appears to weigh about 500 pounds.
Many people claim to have spotted the
creature itself others report seeing his giant
footprints.
Did people really see a bear were their eyes
fooled by tree stumps or shadows?
B. 1. Reports of the ape-like beast come from
around the world. They seem to come mainly
from Pacific Northwest forests.
2. According to observers, Bigfoot is 8 feet
tall. He appears to weigh about 500 pounds.
3. Many people claim to have spotted the
creature itself, and others report seeing his
giant footprints.
4. Did people really see a bear, or were their
eyes fooled by tree stumps or shadows?
32 PARALLEL ELEMENTS
A. 2. he barked all night 3. be making a mess
4. be offering art classes
B. 1. The cat scratched the burglar, and the dog
bit him. 2. Great music and good
decorations made the party a hit.
33 INVERTED SENTENCES
A. 1. are 2. is 3. are
B. 1. you 2. reasons 3. bag 4. group
C. 1. come 2. are 3. do
34 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VERBS
1. Baseball fans will never forget April 8, 1974.
2. That night Hank Aaron made baseball
history.
3. Until then, Babe Ruth had held the major
league home run record.
4. The catcher gave the sign for a fast ball.
5. Mighty Aaron smacked the ball hard!
6. The ball cleared the fence!
7. Fans had just witnessed a major moment in
baseball history!
CHALLENGE: Mexico has suffered many
strong earthquakes. In 1985, violent earth
movements rocked Mexico City. The quake
killed nearly ten thousand people. After the
earthquake, fires took even more homes
and lives. All Mexicans are aware of the
well-known fact that another big one could
hit at any time.
35 LAUGH OUT LOUD! Malapropisms
(Ludicrous Misuse of Words)
Primate=Private; respected=suspected;
abuse=accuse; eminence=evidence;
pandemonium=condominium; shovel=hovel;
bumbling=crumbling; idle=ideal;
congeal=conceal; hibernation=hesitation;
revolter=revolver; sandal=satchel;
defective=detective; pigment=figment
36 REVIEW
A. 1. non-parallel structure 2. run-on
3. fragment 4. passive voice
B. 2. fragment; Moving ice fields are known as
glaciers. 3. non-parallel structure; Glaciers
picked up rocks, carried them hundreds of
miles, and carved out valleys and lakes.
4. run-on; As the climate of Earth warmed,
the glaciers melted.
DEVELOPING PARAGRAPHS
37 STATING THE MAIN IDEA
A. The ancient Maya had some unusual ideas
about beauty.
B. 1. a 2. b
38 USING RELEVANT DETAILS
A. Circle mechanic and scientist.
B. 1. d 2. b 3. c 4. c
C. Underline: Cinco de Mayo, which means the
Fifth of May, celebrates a Mexican victory
over the French.
Draw a line through: Less than 20 years
earlier, Mexico had been at war with the
United States.
39 USING FACTS AND EXAMPLES
A. 1. The great white shark is one of the
world’s most powerful and efficient hunters;
facts/figures
2. Most often the great white shark will not
threaten humans; examples
B. 1. EX 2. FF 3. FF
v
40 COMPARING AND CONTRASTING
A. Possible Answers:
1. SKY DIVING: drop head first, jump solo,
thrill from solitude
BOTH: take nerve and skill, jump from
planes, rely on parachutes
SKY SURFING: use more equipment, need
leg strength, drop feet first, jump in teams,
thrill from sharing experience
B. 1. S 2. D 3. S 4. D 5. S 6. S 7. D
8. D
C. Both, Similarly, however, however
41 CAUSE AND EFFECT
A.
T H E N
H
A A F T E R
E
S
B E C A
R
A I
E
R
N
F
E
D C
C O N S E Q U E N
R
U
E
E
L
T
T
S
T
H
U S E
S
T L Y
O
B. EFFECT: volcano erupts
CAUSE: rock inside Earth heats up; heat
builds pressure; heat melts rock; pressure
pushes rock upward
42 PUTTING DETAIL SENTENCES IN ORDER
2. They dressed up like Native Americans;
should be 3rd sentence
3. The falling water goes into lakes, rivers,
and underground; should be last sentence
4. Panting and sweating, they reached the
summit; should be last sentence
43 USING TRANSITIONS
A.
E R O
F
I
N
A
Y L
L
Y
O
Y L T
E S I
M R E H
R E V
N
O
W
E T A N
L
S
U
S
N E U Q
W R E H
T R U F T
E W O H H
E
E
N
R
E
U T R O F
H
O
R
E
E S N O C
T O T E Y
B. 2. In the same manner; compare
3. Then; time 4. for example; explain
44 REVIEW
A. 1. Although the planet Venus is right next to
Earth in our solar system, it is a different kind
of place. 2. On the planet Mercury, it is very
hot during the day and very cold at night.
3. Student may circle however or A second
big difference
4. c
B. Answers will vary. Possible answer: An
earthquake can be a major disaster.
vi
PREWRITING/IDEAS AND CONTENT
45 DETERMINING PURPOSE
A. 1. describe 2. inform 3. entertain
B. Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. a. Follow these simple steps to build a bird
house. b. To protect nature’s creatures,
consider buying a bird house.
2. a. Conditions must be right for a tornado to
form. b. I’ll never forget the power and noise
of the tornado.
3. a. My dog Scout is a real comedian.
b. Many healthy, loving animals need a
home.
46 NARROWING YOUR TOPIC
A. 1. making a pizza 2. a visit from Grandpa
3. my favorite website 4. building a snow
fort 5. the worst school rule 6. an
unforgettable character 7. advantages of
being the oldest child 8. how Spooky the cat
got her name
B. Answers will vary.
47 WRITING TO PERSUADE
A. Students should check 1, 2, and 5.
B. Answers will vary.
48 WRITING TO INFORM
A. 1. fads of the 1920s 2. King Tut
3. chicken pox 4. meteorites 5. Vitamin C
B. Answers will vary.
49 WRITING TO DESCRIBE
A. Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. making spaghetti 3. the junk closet
4. life in the tide pool 5. the spring shower
6. saving the old elm
B. Sight: slender, sparkling, handsome
Hearing: beeping, silent, earsplitting
Taste: sour, delicious
Smell: fragrant
Touch: slimy, frigid, sweltering
C. Answers will vary.
50 WRITING TO INSTRUCT (HOW TO)
A. 1. making salsa 2. tomatoes, onion, green
chiles, cilantro, lemon, salt 3. chopping
vegetables 4. serve salsa and tortilla chips
5. Answers will vary.
B. First; Before; After; Then; Finally
51 PERSONAL INTERESTS
Answers will vary.
52 PERSONAL EXPERIENCES
Answers will vary.
53 BRAINSTORMING
Answers will vary.
54 TONE (FORMAL OR INFORMAL?)
A. 1. F 2. I 3. I 4. F 5. I 6. F
B. 1. I 2. F 3. F 4. I
CHALLENGE: 1. informal 2. formal Rewrites will vary.
55 DECIDING ON POINT OF VIEW
1. 1st 2. 3rd 3. 1st 4. 1st
56 DECIDING ON VERB TENSE
A. 1. The golfer makes her shot and then
follows the ball with her eyes. 2. The champ
entered the ring, went to his corner, and
nodded to the crowd. 3. Chico whistled for
his dog Ranger, and Ranger bounded to his
side. 4. Everywhere Chico goes, Ranger
follows him.
B. Answers will vary.
57 LAUGH OUT LOUD!
Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. Winfield goes back to the wall. He hits his
head on the wall and the ball rolls off his glove
and back down to second base.
2. The cause of the accident was a guy with a big
mouth who was driving a small car.
3. For sale: large dining room set made of solid
oak; perfect for big family.
4. Holiday bazaar—hundreds of hard-to-find gifts.
5. We will sell goldfish in a glass bowl to anyone.
6. Drive slower when road is wet.
7. Huge sale on pants!
58 REVIEW
A. Answers will vary.
B. Answers will vary.
C. 1. dies=died 2. has=had
PRACTICAL WRITING
59 THE FRIENDLY LETTER
Answers will vary.
60 THANK-YOU LETTERS
Answers will vary.
61 SENDING MESSAGES
A. Answers will vary. Possible answer:
August 15
8:00 A.M.
Ms. Kostas:
Your sister Pam called. She is canceling
your lunch date on Tuesday, Aug. 17,
because she has a dental appointment.
You can call her at (512) 777-3313.
Wendy Warren
B. Answers will vary. Possible answer:
From: Brian Jones
To: Denise C. Hayden
Date: Thurs, Jul 5, 2001
Subject: Cancellation of Interview
Ms. Hayden,
I need to cancel our interview scheduled for
Monday, July 9, at 9:30 AM. I will contact you
to see if we can reschedule. I’m sorry for the
inconvenience.
Brian Jones
62 THE BUSINESS LETTER
ACROSS:
DOWN:
4. body 5. greeting 6. address
1. heading 2. closing 3. signature
63 ADDRESSING AN ENVELOPE
A. Return address will vary.
Address: Mr. William Cole
Bridgeport Baking Company
4631 Lester Lane
Sand Point, ID 83219
B. 2. Ms. Rachel Roberts
Northwest Paper Box Company
340 S.W. 10th Avenue
New York, NY 10023
64 LAUGH OUT LOUD! Misused Words
A. 1. incinerating, insinuating 2. roughage,
roughness 3. tycoon, typhoon
4. corporation, cooperation 5. abdominal,
abominable
B. Answers will vary.
65 REVIEW
A. 1. the address of both the writer and the
receiver 2. the receiver’s address
3. above the greeting 4. heading
B. 1. F 2. B 3. B/ F 4. F 5. B/ F 6. B/ F
7. B/ F 8. B
CHALLENGE:
1050 Hillman Street
Chicago, IL 77210
August 5, 2001_
Dear Ben,
Thank you for asking me to Alaska ... with its
bare paws. (Ha, ha! Get it?) Your life in
Frozentoe, Alaska, is . . . mine in Chicago.
You’ll have to . . . .
Your pal,
vii
CREATIVE WRITING
CHALLENGE:
66 EXPANDING SENTENCES
Answers will vary.
67 USING YOUR SENSES
A. 1. babbling, meow, whisper 2. aroma, stinking,
fragrant 3. painful, prickle, burn 4. sour,
tangy, flavorful 5. sparkle, pale, scarlet
B. Answers will vary.
68 HAIKU
A. The / dew / drops / fal/ ling
By / ones / and / twos, / rap/ id/ ly,—
It / is / a / good / world.
B. 1. nature 2. three 3. five 4. seven
5. first 6. does not
C. 1. b 2. a
69 WRITING ABOUT PICTURES
Answers will vary.
70 WRITING ABOUT PEOPLE
A. 1. swaggered 2. tossed 3. piercing
4. smile 5. cat 6. whispered
B. Answers will vary.
71 LAUGH OUT LOUD! What’s in a Name?
A. 1. d 2. e 3. h 4. k 5. l 6. b 7. i 8. c
9. f 10. a 11. j 12. g
B. Answers will vary.
72 REVIEW
A.
ACROSS: 1. character 4. vivid 5. touch
7. senses 9. image DOWN: 2. haiku
3. taste 6. hearing 7. smell 8. sight
B. Answers will vary.
CHECKING YOUR WRITING
73 SPELLING DEMONS
A. 1. e 2. d 3. a 4. b 5. c 6. f 7. h 8. g
B. combination, relative, invitation, competition,
preparation, declaration, perspiration, author
74 DOUBLE TROUBLE
A. 1. hoping 2. scraping 3. hopped
4. moped 5. robbed
B. 1. biggest 2. thinnest 3. begged 4. tagged
5. bigger 6. madder 7. betting 8. hitting
C. 2. holy, holly 3. desert, dessert 4. hot, hoot
5. raged, ragged 6. ad, add 7. hoping,
hopping
75 LETTERS OFTEN LEFT OUT
A. 1. bakery, chocolate 2. federal, veterans
3. sophomores, history 4. average, salary,
government 5. several, environment
B. 1. ordnary, Febuary, evry, intresting, celbrate,
substatute
viii
I N T E R E S T I N G
C
U
O E
B
R
L
F
S
D
E E
T
I
B
I
N
R R
T
A
U
A U
R
A
T
Y
R
E E
E V E R Y
76 CAPITALIZATION I
1. September 2. Angela, Halloween
3. Captain Hook, Angela, Peter Pan
4. Monday 5. Julio’s Sweets Shoppe, Beach
Boulevard 6. Dr. Richard’s 7. Thursday,
November, Thanksgiving
77 CAPITALIZATION II
A. 1. scientist, Professor 2. laboratory, Mount,
Park 3. park, Doctor
B. 1. New York City 2. Hudson River 3. none
4. Uncle Ted, Kansas City 5. none
78 COMMAS I
A. 1. A one-horned rhinoceros, a ten-foot lizard,
and a miniature buffalo all live in the jungles
of Indonesia. 2. The orangutan, an ape with
reddish-orange hair, also makes its home in
Indonesia. 3. Professor Durand, can you
explain why the orangutan is called “man of
the jungle”? 4. Orangutans are, if you can
picture this, about the size of humans.
B. Answers will vary.
79 COMMAS II
A. 1. Because they are big, football players
usually eat a lot. 2. At our school,
assemblies are held in the gym. 3. The
committee was made up of the following four
students: Carol Sue, Carlos, Molly, and Ruth.
4. For those who love chocolate, chocolate
cake is the perfect dessert. 5. The five stars
of the play were Peggy, Anthony, Mary, Jo,
and Sam. 6. Rather than red, orange is my
favorite color. 7. Instead of Michael, Jordan
received the award. 8. While Brenda was
climbing down, the ladder slipped.
9. Recognizing the man as his uncle, Joseph
shouted a welcome.
B. That that is, is. That that is not, is not. Is that
not it? It is!
80 PUNCTUATING QUOTATIONS I
A. Students should check 1, 3, and 4.
B. 1. b 2. a 3. a 4. b
81 PUNCTUATING QUOTATIONS II
Bosco studied the weird machine. He
read the strange sign. “Enter here to
travel through time,” the words said. “All
tickets ten dollars.”
“Would you like to buy a ticket?” asked
a little round man in a blue suit. “You can
go forward, backward, or any-which-way!”
Bosco was fascinated. “How can I pass
up this opportunity?” he whispered. He
pulled out a ten-dollar bill.
“All aboard,” shouted the little man.
“Quickly now. Quickly now!”
Bosco climbed three metal stairs and
passed through a swinging gate. He heard
a lock click behind him. Suddenly he felt
nervous.
“I’ve changed my mind,” he called out.
“Too late!” said the little man. “Have a
good journey.”
The strange contraption shook and
groaned as it hurled Bosco into the future.
82 UNNECESSARY REPETITION
A. 2. on his face 3. quickly 4. shape
5. victorious 6. round
B. 2. Doctors help their patients by treating
illnesses. 3. When I once had trouble
walking, I hurried to a doctor. 4. Tests
showed that I needed a knee operation.
83 DOUBLE NEGATIVES
A. 1. ever 2. any 3. anybody 4. any 5. no
6. ever
B. Students should check 1, 3, and 4.
84 PROOFREADER’S MARKS
e
A. 2. You can lead a hors to water but you
cant make it drink.
e
3. Evry cloud has a Silver lining
4. Dont bitethe hand that feeds yuo.
5. Theres more than one way too skin
a Cat.
B. 1. Half a loaf is better than none.
2. You can lead a horse to water, but you
can’t make it drink.
3. Every cloud has a silver lining.
4. Don’t bite the hand that feeds you.
5. There’s more than one way to skin
a cat.
85 LAUGH OUT LOUD! Misspelled Words
A. 1. laff=laugh 2. recieved=received
3. Acurrate=Accurate 4. proff=proof
5. grammer=grammar 6. carrot=karat
7. dames=dams 8. boys=buoys
B. 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. a 5. b
86 REVIEW
A. 2. Odin wanted to be wise as well as strong.
3. “I will drink from the Well of Wisdom,” Odin
said. 4. “The water is not free,” said the
guardian of the well. 5. The price of a drink
was very high. 6. “You must give me one of
your eyes, Odin,” said the guardian. 7. Odin
gained wisdom, the ability to see the future,
and the respect of all the gods.
B. 1. Shaniko is a ghost town in the high desert of
Oregon. 2. It’s called a ghost town because
most of the people are gone, and the buildings
are abandoned. 3. In the early 1900s Shaniko
was a boom town, a bustling railroad hub. 4. A
sign on the road into present-day Shaniko
reads, “Population 30.” 5. Some visitors say
they hear ghostly laughter in the schoolyard.
IMPROVING YOUR WRITING
87 SENTENCE VARIETY I:
Varying Sentence Beginnings
2. preposition 3. verb 4. preposition
5. adverb 6. preposition
88 SENTENCE VARIETY II:
Combining Sentences
A. 2. Seven Great Danes live in the Lavine house,
and two will soon have puppies. 3. The family
may keep all the puppies, or neighbors may
buy some.
B. 2. A stage crew of talented artists is designing
sets. 3. Tickets for the play, which opens
March 5, are going fast.
89 SENTENCE VARIETY I:
Avoiding “And” Sentences
A. 1. b 2. a
B. Answers will vary.
90 CONCISE WRITING
A. 1. b 2. d 3. a 4. c
B. This launched his career; The cartoon did well;
The rodent was very humorous; She thought it
was not the right choice.
91 AVOIDING MIXED COMPARISONS
A. Students should check 2, 3, and 4.
B. Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. His mind galloped from thought to thought
like a nervous horse. 3. The warmth of the
sun wrapped itself around our campsite like a
blanket. 4. The teacher growled at the tardy
students like a bear.
92 RECOGNIZING FACTS AND OPINIONS
A. 1. F 2. O 3. T 4. F 5. T
B. 1. O 2. O 3. F 4. F 5. O
ix
93 QUALIFYING OPINIONS
A. Students should check 1, 3, and 6.
Underline:
2. Mike thinks; 4. In my opinion; 5. I
think
B. Students should circle 1, 3, and 4.
1. Most students can benefit from a
physical education class. 3. I think Mr.
and Mrs. Wilson have overly strict rules
for their children.
4. It seems that no amount of arguing
will convince the Wilsons to change
their minds!
94 MAKING AND QUALIFYING
GENERALIZATIONS
A. Answers will vary. Possible anwers:
1. Most 2. Many 3. supposedly
4. usually
B. Answers will vary. Possible anwers:
2. Annmarie will likely make a good
doctor some day. 3. At the
tournament, our debate team should
be hard to beat! 4. Our house may
need a new roof in three to five years.
5. The growing population will likely
lead to overcrowding.
95 WORD CHOICES
A. 1. pranced 2. growled 3. mature
4. moderate, quaint 5. screamed
B. Answers will vary.
x
96 NEW BEGINNINGS
A. 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. b
B. Answers will vary.
97 EFFECTIVE ENDINGS
A. 1. a 2. c
B. thus, in conclusion, in summary
98 WRITING TITLES
A. 1. c 2. a 3. d 4. b
B. 1. Tales from the Titanic 2. The Lady or the
Tiger? 3. Chief Joseph: Man of Honor
99 LAUGH OUT LOUD! Headline Horrors
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Students upset by teacher strike
Man-eating sharks spotted offshore
Woodview Heights man murdered
Burglar robs Richard’s Pants Shop
More meat-eaters deciding to eat vegetables
New law cuts curfew violations in half
U.S. steel giant puts end to strike
Two small planes collide; one person dies
Free clinic offers medical care for the poor
100 REVIEW
A. 1. vary in length 2. different parts of
speech 3. a generalization 4. qualify
5. summarize ideas 6. gets to the
point without wasting words
B. Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. Scientists think humans could live on Mars,
but there is no food or water there. 2. Mars,
one of our closest neighbors in space, has
been called Earth’s “red twin.”
NAME
DATE
UNDERSTANDING PARTS OF SPEECH: NOUNS
A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.
A common noun names any person, place, thing, or idea.
A proper noun names a specific person, place, thing, or idea.
EXAMPLES:
COMMON NOUNS: student, forest, pencil, confusion
PROPER NOUNS: Howard, Everglades, Statue of Liberty
A. First underline all the nouns in the following sentences.
Then write CN above each common noun and PN above
each proper noun.
1. Emily was training herself to become a spy.
2. The teenager anxiously prepared to complete her first mission.
3. Emily took off her shoes and tiptoed across the carpet.
4. The young spy quietly opened the door and peeked into the bedroom.
5. “Margo isn’t doing her homework!” Emily yelled to her mother.
6. “I hate sneakiness!” Margo shouted at her sister.
B. Rewrite each sentence. Replace the boldface common noun with a
specific proper noun. The first sentence has been done for you.
1. The seashore is my favorite vacation spot.
____________________________________________________________________
Waikiki
Beach is my favorite vacation spot.
2. The teacher carefully explained the rules.
____________________________________________________________________
3. Passengers were upset when the airline canceled flights.
____________________________________________________________________
4. The store offered a refund to every unhappy customer.
____________________________________________________________________
CHALLENGE: Select one of the proper nouns from Part B. On the back of
this sheet, write three sentences telling about that person, place, or
thing. For example, you might write three sentences about Waikiki
Beach. Circle each noun you use.
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NAME
DATE
UNDERSTANDING PARTS OF SPEECH: COLLECTIVE NOUNS
A collective noun names a group of persons or things. The word jury is a
collective noun. So is the word committee.
A. Write a letter to match each collective noun in the first column with its
description in the second column. The first one has been done for you.
1. _____
c crowd
a. a group of many
2. _____ flock
b. a lot of bees flying together
3. _____ swarm
c. a great number of persons gathered together
4. _____ class
d. women who feel a common bond
5. _____ sisterhood
e. students who meet with a teacher
Depending on how the collective noun is used in the sentence, it may take a
singular or plural verb. Here are the rules:
• If you are thinking of the collective noun as a single unit, use a singular verb.
EXAMPLE: The committee is meeting once a month.
• If you are thinking of the group members as separate individuals, use a plural verb.
EXAMPLE: The jury are entering the courtroom one by one.
B. Read each sentence about the 1980s. Then underline the collective
noun that is the subject of the sentence. Finally, circle the verb form
that agrees with the subject.
1. The year is 1981, and the Senate ( has / have ) voted to make
Sandra Day O’Connor the first woman on the Supreme Court.
2. Today, as in the ’80s, a family often ( needs / need ) more than one
wage-earner.
3. It is 1980, and the team from the United States ( is / are ) not
attending the summer Olympic Games.
4. The Soviet army ( had / have ) invaded Afghanistan in December of 1979.
5. President Jimmy Carter and the U.S. Olympic Committee
( has / have ) called for a boycott of the Moscow games.
CHALLENGE: On the back of this sheet, write a brief news report about a
concert, a big game, or some other group event. Circle each collective
noun you use. Be sure to use the correct verb form.
2
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NAME
DATE
UNDERSTANDING PARTS OF SPEECH: VERBS
Verbs are words that express an action or a state of being. Action verbs
(run, talked, went) tell what people do. Other verbs (is, am, are) express
a state of being.
A. Add a verb to complete each sentence. Then, on the line before the
sentence, tell what the verb expresses. Write A for action or S for
state of being.
1. _____ Many people ____________________ the taste of chocolate.
2. _____ Montezuma, a ruler of the ancient Aztecs, _________________
50 cups of hot chocolate a day.
3. _____ Hot chocolate ____________________ still a favorite drink.
4. _____ Chocolate, however, ____________________ quite high in calories.
5. _____ Do you ____________________ chocolate or vanilla?
Most verbs change form to show the time something is happening. The form
of a verb shows whether something is happening now, has happened in the
past, or will happen in the future.
EXAMPLES:
The car needs a tune-up. (present)
The car needed a tune-up last month. (past)
The car will need a tune-up in three months. (future)
B. The action in the following paragraph takes
place in the present. First underline each verb.
Then rewrite the paragraph on the back of this
sheet. Replace each present-tense verb with
a past-tense verb. The first one has been done
for you.
was
was
In my grandma’s living room is a portrait
of Elvis Presley on black velvet. Everyone in
the family voices an opinion about the picture.
Uncle Leo calls it hideous. Aunt Sally groans when she
looks at it. When I look at the picture, I feel happy. I believe
it is the most beautiful thing in Grandma’s house.
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NAME
DATE
UNDERSTANDING PARTS OF SPEECH: VERB PHRASES
One or more helping verbs are often used along with the main verb in a
sentence. Together, the helping verb or verbs and main verb make up a verb
phrase. A helping verb can show time or add meaning to the main verb.
EXAMPLES:
The mechanic will check the tires before we leave.
The mechanic should check the fluid levels too.
The mechanic has been working for an hour.
Sometimes the words in verb phrases are separated by other words.
EXAMPLES:
You should not pay your bill until the work is completed.
I had never seen such a big repair bill!
Find the complete verb phrase in each
sentence. Write it on the line. Hint: The
number in parentheses tells how many
words are in the verb phrase.
1. During World War II, a homing pigeon
named Beachcomber would carry messages
across enemy lines.
(2) ____________________
2. In all, 32 homing pigeons were used in the war. (2) ____________________
3. Homing pigeons have been used for service
and for sport.
(3) ____________________
4. Their owners will often release them far
from home.
(2) ____________________
5. The birds will cleverly find their way across
many miles.
(2) ____________________
6. A racing pigeon must reach its home loft
as quickly as possible.
(2) ____________________
7. That weary bird over there must have
been flying all day!
(4) ____________________
CHALLENGE: On the back of this sheet, write three sentences about a race or
contest. Use a verb phrase in each sentence. Circle the main verb and
underline the helping verb in each verb phrase.
4
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NAME
DATE
UNDERSTANDING PARTS OF SPEECH: IRREGULAR VERB FORMS
Add -ed or -d to form the past tense of a regular verb.
To form the past tense of an irregular verb, you will
usually change the spelling.
EXAMPLES:
REGULAR VERB:
IRREGULAR VERB:
PRESENT
PAST
PRESENT
look
looked
sing
PAST
sang
A. Read the irregular past-tense verb forms in the
box. Then complete the puzzle by matching each
one to a present-tense form listed as a clue.
ran
tore
swam
sent
caught
sank
grew
froze
1
2
ACROSS
DOWN
2. swim
1. catch
2. sink
6. grow
3. freeze
3
S
4
5
5. run
C
R
6
S
G
7
7. tear
F
4. send
T
B. Fill in each blank with the past-tense form of the verb in parentheses.
The verb you write should rhyme with the words in italics. The first
one has been done for you.
rang
1. With a bong and a clang, the steeple bell (ring) ____________________.
2. The baby eagle grew and grew; then from its nest it bravely
(fly) __________________.
3. Into the shady, peaceful cove, my little boat I slowly (drive)
_________________.
4. The list of promises each candidate (write ) _________________, should
help us decide just how to vote.
CHALLENGE: On the back of this sheet, write five sentences using the
past-tense form of the following verbs: steal, catch, dive, do, buy.
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NAME
DATE
UNDERSTANDING PARTS OF SPEECH: PRONOUNS
Imagine you are writing a story about a fellow named Mike. How do you avoid
repeating the word Mike in your story? You use pronouns! A pronoun is a word that
takes the place of a noun. Notice the boldface pronouns in the following example:
Mike plays baseball for the Riverside Rockets. He is their star pitcher.
When he winds up, batters stop breathing! They wait nervously for his fast
ball. They know the umpire is likely to call, “Strike three. You are out!”
A. Circle the three words in each group that are not pronouns.
1. it
2. they
3. car
Karen
him
teenagers
our
us
her
yellow
family
Marvin
my
we
president
I
Rudy
Charlene
A pronoun must always agree with the noun it replaces.
INCORRECT: People should not volunteer for a job unless he really wants to do it.
CORRECT: People should not volunteer for a job unless they really want to do it.
B. Complete each sentence with one of these pronouns: one, they, it, its.
Notice that each pronoun replaces a boldface noun or nouns.
1. The octopus is a fascinating creature, but some
people think ________________________ is scary.
2. The octopus has eight twisting tentacles.
________________________ help the creature
move along the ocean floor.
3. The octopus uses ________________________
tentacles when hunting.
4. When an octopus’s tentacle is cut off, a brand
new ________________________ grows!
CHALLENGE: On the back of this sheet, write a short paragraph about an
animal with a frightening appearance. Use pronouns to avoid repetition—
and make sure each pronoun agrees with the noun it replaces!
6
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NAME
DATE
UNDERSTANDING PARTS OF SPEECH: INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
Indefinite pronouns can cause writers problems. These pronouns include
words like all, each, either, few, and none. As with other pronouns, writers
must make sure that every indefinite pronoun agrees with its verb.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
SINGULAR
either
neither
anyone
everybody
MAY BE SINGULAR OR PLURAL
no one
none
each
any
all
more
most
some
A. Read each sentence. Then circle the indefinite pronoun and underline
its verb. Finally, write S if the pronoun is singular or P if it is plural.
The first one has been done for you.
1. _____
P All of the party guests have been given a list of items for the
scavenger hunt.
2. _____ Each of the party guests has been given a list of items for the
scavenger hunt.
3. _____ Everybody in the group is expected to participate.
4. _____ Some of the guests don’t want to join the hunt.
5. _____ A few feel silly going door to door asking for unusual objects.
6. _____ Most think it sounds like great fun!
7. _____ I’ll bet that nobody will be able to find a wooden clothespin.
B. Complete the two sentences below. Make sure to use a verb that agrees
with the boldface indefinite pronoun.
1. All of the job applicants ____________________________________________.
2. Both Hector and Neil ______________________________________________.
CHALLENGE: Indefinite pronouns are often the subject of a sentence. In fact,
one indefinite pronoun and one verb can make a complete sentence!
EXAMPLES:
Everyone screamed. Nobody answers.
On the back of this sheet, write three two-word sentences containing an
indefinite pronoun and a verb.
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