Tài liệu Câu chủ động bị động

PASSIVE VOICE I. Tóm tắt bài giảng A. Khái niệm câu chủ động và bị động: a. Câu chủ động: Là câu có chủ ngữ là chủ thể tạo ra hành động. Câu chủ động được dùng khi chúng ta biết rõ chủ thể của hành động. Ví dụ: People speak English all over the world. b. Câu bị động: Là câu có chủ ngữ là người hay vật chịu tác động của hành động. Câu chủ động được dùng khi ta không biết rõ chủ thể của hành động hoặc có biết nhưng người nói muốn nhấn mạnh tới đối tượng hơn tới chủ thể của hành động. Ví dụ: English is spoken all over the world. Lưu ý: Không phải cứ chủ ngữ là người thì là chủ động, chủ ngữ là vật thì là bị động. Ví dụ: The students were punished yesterday. Hanoi has changed a lot in the past five years. B. Quy tắc chuyển câu chủ động sang câu bị động: *Quy tắc chung: To be + Past participle 1. Xác định thì ngữ pháp của câu chủ động để tìm thể bị động tương ứng của nó. 2. Xác định tân ngữ trong câu chủ động để rút về làm chủ ngữ trong câu bị động. Nếu câu có hai tân ngữ thì có thể chuyển thành hai câu bị động nhưng thông thường ta chọn tân ngữ chỉ người. 1. Simple present: S + V (s/es) + Object S + am/is/are + PII + by + O Trong câu bị động, nếu tân ngữ không xác định (people, them, someone, him, her …) thì bỏ đi. Eg: - They sweep the streets every night => The streets are swept (by them) every night. - We don't water the flowers in the morning => The flowers are not watered in the morning. - What do they call the new hotel? => what is the hotel called? 1. This well- known library attracts many people. =>................................................................................................................................... 2. We don't watch films in the evening. =>................................................................... 2. We don't often help her with the housework .=> ...................................................................................................................................... 3. Do they grow rice and wheat in the North of England? =>...................................................................................................................... 2. Present continuous: S + am/is/are + V_ing + Object S + am/is/are + being + PII + by + O Ví dụ: - They are building a bridge over the river = > A bridge is being built over the river by them. - He isn't decorating the room today. => The room isn't being decorated - Are they upgrading the road leading to the city centre? => Is the road leading to the city centre being upgraded by them? 1. He is preparing everything for the presidential election. =>..................................................................................................................... 2. Is she translating an article from English into Vietnamese? => ................................................................................................................ 3.The Prime Minister isn't making a speech at the moment. => .................................................................................................................. 4. They are doing a physical experiment in the laboratory. =>.................................................................................................................... 5. Are they digging a pond in the garden? =>............................................................................................................................................... 3. Present perfect: S + have/has + PII + Object S + have/has + been + PII + by + O Ví dụ: - The terrorist has kept three hostages for a week => Three hostages have been kept by the terrorist for a week. - We haven't found out a remedy to cure AIDS => A remedy hasn't been found out to cure AIDS 1. A group of students have met their friend at the railway station => ........................................................................................................... 2. No one has ever known him to be dishonest => ......................................................................................................................................... 3. Mr.Smith has taught us French for 2 years => . ............................................................................................................................................ 4. They have moved nothing in your room since they sent you to hospital. =>. ...................................................................................................................................................... 5. Have you typed all the letters ? =>........... . ......................................................................................................................................... Lưu ý: Thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn không có dạng bị động 4. Simple past: S + Past of verb (V-ed / PIrregular) + Object S + was/ were + PII + by + O Eg. - The thieves broke into the house. - The house was broken into by the thieves. 1. They didn’t allow Tom to take these books home. =>........................................... 2. No one found my key. => . .................................................................................................................................................... 3. When did they found this organization? =>............................................................................................................................................ 4.They didn't look after the children properly => ........................................................................................................................................ 5.Nobody swept this street last week => ..................................................................................................................................................... 5. Past continuous: S + was/were + V- ing + Object S + was/ were + being + PII + by + O Eg. - They were doing a physical experiment when I was there. - A physical experiment was being done by them when I was there. 1. Tom was writing 2 poems. => . .................................................................................................................................................... 2. Workers were digging a larger hole in the ground. => .............................................................................................................................. 3. When I was there, they were building a bridge over the river. => ............................................................................................................ 4.The statue broke while they were moving it to another room in the museum. => ..................................................................................................................................................... 5. Were they interviewing him when you came? => ..................................................................................................................................... 6. Past perfect: S + had + PII + Object S + had + been + PII + by + O Eg: - Nobody told me that they had discharged John from hospital. - I was not told that John had been discharged from hospital. 1. After he had told a story, we clapped our hands. => ....................................................................................................................................... 2. They had taken the victim to hospital before the police came. => ....................................................................................................... 3. Had they pulled down the building to make way for a new road before you came back? =>. .... 4. She hadn't informed me of the date of the meeting before another classmate of mine told me about it. =>........................................................................................................................................ 5.Someone had invented electric lights before I was born . => ..................................................................................................................... Lưu ý: Không có bị động của thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn 7. Simle future: S + will/shall + V + Object S + will/shall + be + PII + by + Object Eg: - They will change the date of the meeting again. - The date of the meeting will be changed again by them. 1. The examiner will read the passage three times. => .................................................................................................................................... 2. They will pick me up at my house at 7 o'clock tomorrow morning. => ..................................................................................................... 3. The teacher won't corrert exercise tomorrow => ........................................................................................................................................... 4. My cousin will meet you at the station => . ................................................................................................................................................... 5. I will not forgive her for the serious mistake she has made. => .................................................................................................................. Lưu ý: Thì tương lai tiếp diễn không có dạng bị động. 8. Future perfect: S + will/shall have + PII + Object S + will/shall have been + PII + by + Object Eg: - By the time you come back, they will have finished the project. - By the time you come back, the project will have been finished. 1. By the time you come back here in 5 years' time, they will have knocked down those houses. =>. ..................................................................................................................................................... 2. " We will have liberated the South of Vietnam before the rainy season." The commander said. =>. ..................................................................................................................................................... 3. By the end of this year, we will have upgraded all the roads in the city. =>. .............................. 4. Don't phone us at 10 pm tonight. I won't have finished my work by then. =>. ........................... 5. How many letters will she have typed before the boss comes back? =>. .................................... II. Bài về nhà Exercise 1. Make the sentences passive: 1. Somebody cleans the office every day. 2. Somebody sends emails. 3. Somebody cuts the grass. 4. Somebody prefers chocolate. 5. Somebody often steals cars. 6. Somebody plays loud music. 7. Somebody speaks English here. 8. Somebody loves the London parks. 9. Somebody wants staff. 10. Somebody writes articles. 11. People speak Portuguese in Brazil. 12. The Government is planning a new road near my house. 13. My grandfather built this house in 1943. 14. Picasso was painting Guernica at that time. 15. The cleaner has cleaned the office. 16. He had written three books before 1867. 17. John will tell you later. 18. By this time tomorrow we will have signed the deal. 19. Somebody should do the work. 20. The traffic might have delayed Jimmy. 21. Everybody loves Mr Brown. 22. They are building a new stadium near the station. 23. The wolf ate the princess. 24. At six o’clock someone was telling a story. 25. Somebody has drunk all the milk! 26. I had cleaned all the windows before the storm. 27. A workman will repair the computer tomorrow. 28. By next year the students will have studied the passive. 29. James might cook dinner. 30. Somebody must have taken my wallet. Exercise 2: The Passive: Verbs with Two Objects This time there are two answers: 1. John gave a bar of chocolate to Jill. a:________________________________________________________________ b:________________________________________________________________ 2. I lent a pencil to Graham. a:________________________________________________________________ b:________________________________________________________________ 3. Fiona told the truth to Julian. a:________________________________________________________________ b:________________________________________________________________ 4. They offered the job to Simon. a:________________________________________________________________ b:________________________________________________________________ 5. The boss showed the new computer to Anna. a:________________________________________________________________ b:_______________________________________________________________ 6. Julie taught the grammar to the students. a:________________________________________________________________ b:________________________________________________________________ 7. I sent the email to John. a:________________________________________________________________ b:________________________________________________________________ 8. Lucy threw the ball to the child. a:________________________________________________________________ b:________________________________________________________________ 9. Sophia sold the car to a doctor. a:________________________________________________________________ b:________________________________________________________________ 10. I asked the question to David. a:________________________________________________________________ b:________________________________________________________________ KEY Exercise 1. 1. The office is cleaned every day. 2. Emails are sent. 3. The grass is cut. 4. Chocolate is preferred. 5. Cars are often stolen. 6. Loud music is played. 7. English is spoken here. 8. The London parks are loved. 9. Staff are wanted. 10. Articles are written. 11. Portuguese is spoken in Brazil. 12. A new road is being planned near my house. 13. This house was built (by my grandfather) in 1943. 14. Guernica was being painted (by Picasso) at that time. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. The office has been cleaned. Three books had been written before 1867. You will be told (by John) later. By this time tomorrow the deal will have been signed. The work should be done. Jimmy might have been delayed (by the traffic). Mr Brown is loved (by everybody). A new stadium is being built near the station. The princess was eaten (by the wolf). At six o’clock a story was being told. All the milk has been drunk! All the windows had been cleaned (by me) before the storm. The computer will be repaired tomorrow. By next year the passive will have been studied (by the students). Dinner might be cooked (by James). My wallet must have been taken. Exercise 2. 1. a: Jill was given a bar of chocolate (by John). b: A bar of chocolate was given to Jill (by John). 2. a: Graham was lent a pencil (by me). b: A pencil was lent to Graham (by me). 3. a: Julian was told the truth (by Fiona). b: The truth was told to Julian (by Fiona). 4. a: Simon was offered the job (by them). b: The job was offered to Simon (by them). 5. a: Anna was shown the new computer (by the boss). b: The new computer was shown to Anna (by the boss). 6. a: The students were taught the grammar (by Julie). b: The grammar was taught to the students (by Julie). 7. a: John was sent the email (by me). b: The email was sent to John (by me). 8. a: The child was thrown the ball (by Lucy). b: The ball was thrown to the child (by Lucy). 9. a: A doctor was sold the car (by Sophia). b: The car was sold to a doctor (by Sophia). 10. a: David was asked the question (by me). b: The question was asked to David (by me) PASSIVE VOICE - Phần 2 I. Tóm tắt bài giảng Quá khứ Hiện tại Tƣơng lai Đơn was / were + PII am / is / are + PII will be + PII Tiếp diễn was / were + being + PII am / is / are + being + PII Không có Hoàn thành had been + PII have / has been + PII will have been + PII Hoàn thành tiếp diễn Không có Không có Không có  12 thì cơ bản và chỉ có dạng bị động của 8 thì. 9. Near future: S + am/is/are + going to + V + Object S + am/is/are + going to be + PII + by + O Eg: - We are going to make him the monitor of our class. - He is going to be made the monitor of our class by us. 1. Are they going to export more rice to Africa next year. => ....................................................................................................................... 2. How many exercises is the teacher going to give you? => . ..................................................................................................................... 3. We are going to make him the head of our class. => ................................................................................................................................ 4. We aren't going to improve the public telephone service this year. => ....................................................................................................... 5. He isn't going to turn down the job they have offered him. => ................................................................................................................... 10. Modals and Auxiliary in the passive voice Active: S + Modal verbs (can / could / may / might / must / ought to / Should ) + infinitive + Object Passive S + Modal verbs (can / could / may / might / must / ought to / Should ) + be + PII 1. He can't repair my bike. =>. .............................................................................................................. 2. Our teacher used to forbid us to talk in class. =>. .............................................................. 3. My mother used to make clean the house. =>......................................................................... 4. She can sew 3 shirts a day. =>.......................................................................................................... 5 .He couldn't find his key. =>. ............................................................................................................. 6. Did Mr John use to teach you English? =>. .............................................................................. 7. My classmates used to call me John =>. ......................................................................................... 8. Mr. Brown will appoint Tom the director tomorrow =>......................................... 9. You should pay more attention to your study =>. .............................................................. 10. They can see the villey from the top of the hill =>. ................................................... 11.You must wash your hands =>. ........................................................................................................ 12. The computer can do all the accounts. =>............................................................................... 13.Children should treat old men with respect. =>. ............................................................. 14.How many ways can you solve this problem? =>......................................................... 15.You must keep dogs outside shops. =>. ....................................................................................... 16.She didn’t use to make cloth puppets. =>.................................................................................. 17. We can't improve the public telephone service this year. =>..................................................................................................................... 18. You ought to do all the work on your own =>........................................................................................................................................... 19. Does she have to feed the pigeon twice a day? =>.......................................................................................................................................... 20. They must report it to the police or it will be too late. =>. ........................................................................................................................ 11. Các trƣờng hợp đặc biệt Active Passive Make sb do sth Be made to do sth The teacher is making us work hard. We are being made to work hard by our teacher. Help sb (to) do sth Be helped to do sth He helped me (to) repair the washing machine. I was helped to repair the washing machine by him. Let sb do sth Be let do sth ( or be allowed to do sth ) (1) His parents didn't let him buy a motorbike. (1) He wasn't let buy ( wasn't allowed to buy) a motorbike by his parents. S1 let sb do S1 Let oneself be PII (2) He let her cheat him ( 2 ) He let himself be cheated . 1. The robber made everybody lie on the floor. =>........................................................................................................................................... 2. Don't worry! Our teacher will help us study English grammar. =>.............................................................................................................. 3. Don't let others see you. =>........................................................................................................................................................... 4. They made us stay indoors while they were testing the new weapon. =>....................................................................................... 5. He let me use his car for a week =>........................................................................................................................................................... 6. He has never let her look down on him. =>………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. The teacher made him stay after the class because he hadn’t done his homework. =>……………………………………………………. 8. I will help you redecorate the room before Christmas comes. =>…………………………………………………………………………. 12. See / Notice / Hear / Listen to / Watch Active: Passive See seen Notice noticed Hear sb do sth Listen to sb doing sth Sb Be heard Watch Eg: listened to do sth doing sth watched - Someone saw him pick up a stone and throw it at the riot police. - He was seen to pick up a stone and to throw it at the riot police. - They saw him walking with his friend before he got lost. - He was seen walking with his friend before he got lost. 1. They saw him get on the car and drive away. =>........................................................................................................................................... 2. They have never heard him say nonsense. =>............................................................................................................................................... 3. We noticed him breaking into the house. =>................................................................................................................................................ 13. Câu bị động truyền khiến Active: HAVE SB DO SOMETHING/ GET SB TO DO SOMETHING Passive: HAVE /GET SOMETHING DONE (BY SB) Ví dụ: - I have my younger brother clean the floor. - I have the floor cleaned by my younger brother. - He has his hair cut. He has the barber cut his hair. Cấu trúc trên đƣợc dùng theo hai nghĩa sau: a. Để nói ta thu xếp để người khác làm giúp mình một việc gì ( không tự mình làm) So sánh: Jill repaired the roof. ( = She repaired it herself) Jill had the roof repaired. (= She arranged for somebody else to repair it) I have cut my hair. ( Tôi tự cắt.) I have had my hair cut. ( người khác cắt tóc cho tôi.) I hate taking photographs. I hate having my photograph taken. Did Ann make the dress herself or did she have it made? How often do you have your hair done / cut? I’ve lost my key. I’ll have to have another key made. Why did you take your car to the garage? To have it serviced. Why did you take your jacket to the cleaner’s? To have it cleaned. Why did you take your watch to the jeweller’s? To have it repaired. Why did you go to the hairdresser ? To have my hair cut. So sánh: Passive: You should have / get your eyes tested (by an oculist). Active: eyes You should have an oculist test your eyes / You should get an oculist to test your b. Để nói một sự việc không hay xảy ra với vật sở hữu của ai / cái gì: George’s nose was broken in a fight => George had his nose broken in a fight. Jack’s passport was stolen a few weeks ago => Jack had his passport stolen a few weeks ago. Have you ever had your passport stolen? The hurricane blew off the roof of the house. The roof of the house was blown off by the hurricane. The house had its roof blown off by the hurricane. They have had their house broken into twice this month. Mr Brown had his hat blown off in the wind. II. Bài về nhà PASSIVE OF MODAL VERBS Exercise 1. Change these sentences into the passive voice 1. We all know we can't allow the situation to continue. The situation. ............................................................................... 2. We'll hold the next meeting in May. The next meeting...................................................................................... 3. Everyone agrees that the company will employ no more staff. No more staff... ...................................................................................... 4. We ought to make things clear to them. Things. ................................................................................ 5. We all agree that we must take action Action... …………………………………….. 6. Of course we must keep the factory open The factory... …………………………… 7. We have to reduce costs Costs. 8. We should warn the staff The staff.................................................. 9. People should send their complaints to the main office. ……………………………………………………………….……………….. 10. Somebody might steal your car if you had left the keys in it. ……………………………………………………………….……………….. 11. A short circuit could cause the fire. …………………………………………………………….………………….. 12. Lan is going to invite her friends to her birthday party. …………………………………………………………….………………….. 13. Lien couldn’t open the door of the classroom. …………………………………………………………….………………….. 14. They should announce that news as soon as possible. …………………………………………………………….………………….. 15. Phong has to return the scientific book to the library. …………………………………………………………….………………….. 16. People must repair that old building. …………………………………………………………….………………….. 17. The government will rebuild the memorial monument. …………………………………………………………….………………….. 18. The students may elect Phong their leader. …………………………………………………………….………………….. 19. The teacher won’t accept papers written in pencils. …………………………………………………………….………………….. 20. The athletes might visit some interesting places after Sea-Games. …………………………………………………………….………………….. 21. Lan’s parents have to clean up their house before Tet holidays. …………………………………………………………….………………….. 22. The principal might interview her. …………………………………………………………….………………….. 23. They must keep fruit in the fridge for long. …………………………………………………………….………………….. Exercise 2. Transform these sentences using the causative have 1. A local firm redecorated our kitchen. We …………………………………………….by a local firm. 2. A doctor took out her tonsils when she was six. She ………………………………..when she was six. 3. Be careful! These walls have just been painted. Be careful! I …………………………… painted. 4. There was a leak in the roof so they're fixing it now. There was a leak in the roof so I ………………………… now. 5. The hairdresser should cut your hair. It's too long and untidy! You ………………………………. It's too long and untidy! 6. When will you call someone to repair the air conditioning? It's too hot in here! When will you …………………………………? It's too hot in here! 7. When I was coming here, someone stole my purse on the bus. When I was coming here, I ………………………… on the bus. Exercise 3. Hoàn thành câu với dạng đúng của từ trong ngoặc 1. Jimmy had a servant ………….(clean) his house. Jimmy had his house ……………. 2. My parents don't want to wash their car. They will get someone …………. (wash) it. They will get their car ………………. 3. His father always forces hime ………….. (study) hard. He's quite upset about this. 4. The visitors made him ……………..(carry) a lot of luggages. 5. I don't know why they let her little daughter ……………(buy) a lot of clothes. 6. Our mother never allows ………………games all day. 7. His wife permits him ………………fast food. 8. She makes her husband …………………..exercise. 9. Why don't you let me ___ (cook) supper tonight? You can have a rest. KEY Exercise 1 1. can't be allowed to continue 2. will be held in May 3. will be employed by the company 4. ought to be made clear to them 5. must be taken 6. must be kept open 7. have to be reduced 8. should be warned 9. Their complaints should be sent to the main office. 10. Your car might be stolen if you had left the keys in it. 11. The fire could be caused a short circuit. 12. Lan’s friends is going to be invited to her birthday party by Lan. 13. The door of the classroom couldn’t opened be by Lien. 14. That news should be announced as soon as possible. 15. The scientific book has to be returned to the library by Phong . 16. That old building must be repaired. 17. The memorial monument will be rebuilt by the government. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Phong may be elected their leader by the students. Papers written in pencils won’t be accepted by the teacher. Some interesting places might be visited after Sea-Games by the athletes. Their house has to be cleaned up before Tet holidays by Lan’s parents. She might be interviewed by the principal. Fruit must be kept in the fridge for long. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Exercise 2 had our kitchen redecorated had her tonsils taken out 've just had these walls 'm having it fixed should have your hair cut have the air conditioning repaired had my purse stolen 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Exercise 3 clean, cleaned to wash, washed to study carry buy playing to eat do cook PASSIVE VOICE – PHẦN 3 I. Tóm tắt bài giảng 1. Bị động đặc biệt: Một số động từ quy định: say, believe, think, consider, report, know, expect, understand, allege, acknowledge, estimate, rumour, explain, assume, presume, suppose, announce có thể dùng với một trong hai cấu trúc sau:  Cấu trúc 1: It is/was + Past participle + that + clause People say that he is 100 years old. => It is said that he is 100 years old. People expect that the strike will end soon. => It is expected that the strike will end soon. Everybody says that there is a secret tunnel between those two houses. => It is said that there is a secret tunnel between those two houses. Chú ý: Cấu trúc trên chỉ tương đương với câu chủ động có chủ ngữ số nhiều với nghĩa nói chung: people, everybody…  Cấu trúc 2: S + Be + Past participle + to + Verb (1) Be + V-ing (2) Have + Past Participle (3) Have been + V-ing (4)  Dùng (1) khi động từ trong mệnh đề phụ được chia ở thì hiện tại đơn, hoặc tương lai đơn: He is said to be 100 years old. The strike is expected to end soon. There is said to be a secret tunnel between those two houses. People said that he was a dedicated worker. => He was said to be a dedicated worker.  Dùng (2) khi động từ trong mệnh đề phụ được chia ở thì hiện tại tiếp diễn, hoặc tương lai tiếp diễn: They think that the terrorists are hiding in the mountain => The terrorists are thought to be hiding in the mountain. People believe that she is studying abroad. => She is believed to be studying abroad.  Dùng (3) khi động từ trong mệnh đề phụ được chia ở thì hiện tại hoàn thành, hoặc quá khứ đơn: People say that he escaped to a neutral country => He is said to have escaped to a neutral country. People think that she has made progress in her studies. => She is thought to have made progress in her studies. People allge that he stole the money. => He is alleged to have stolen the money.  Dùng (4) khi động từ trong mệnh đề phụ được chia ở thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn, hoặc tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn: People say that he has been playing football since he was 5.=> He is said to have been playing football since he was 5. Chú ý: Be supposed to ( do) có thể được dùng theo hai nghĩa sau: 1. Tương đương nghĩa với Be said to (do): “ Được cho rằng” - This film is said/supposed to be very interesting. - Why was he arrested? He was supposed to have kicked a policeman. 2. Để nói bổn phận hoặc nghĩa vụ ai đó phải làm gì tương đương với cấu trúc: It’s sb’s duty to do sth - It’s her duty to make tea at 8 o’clock. => She is supposed to make tea at 8 o’clock. - It’s his duty to lock the door after the school finishes. => He is supposed to lock…. Chú ý: đôi khi was / were supposed to còn được dùng để nói một kế hoạch, sự sắp xếp nhưng thường khác so với thức tế xảy ra: - The train was supposed to arrive at 11.30 but it was an hour late. - You were supposed to clean the windows. Why didn’t you do it? 2. Passive gerund ( Danh động từ bị động) Form: Being + Past participle Present: being written /done/ made…. Past: having been written/done/ made…. Need to do : Cần làm ( nghĩa chủ động). Ví dụ: You need to work harder. Need doing = need to be done : Cần được làm ( không có sự khác nhau khi dùng với vật) - This car needs to be serviced / this car needs servicing. - I need to clean my shirt because it needs cleaning/ to be cleaned. Ở thê bị động, với người, chỉ dùng need to be done ( Không dùng need doing) The old need to be looked after by the young. ( Không dùng need looking after) Danh động từ bị động có các cách dùng như danh động từ chủ động ( trừ trường hợp cấu tạo danh từ ghép). Ví dụ: - I like people praising me => I like being praised. - She hates people staring at her when she is in the street. => She hates being stared at when she is in the street. - I remember that my father took me to the cinema to see that film. => I remember being taken to the cinema by my father to see that film. - He was punished by being sent to bed without any supper. - I remember being taken to Paris as a small child. - I hate being told what to do. => I hate people telling me what to do. - She is afraid of being taken away by the strong wind if she opens her parachute early. - She is afraid of the strong wind taking her away….. - He objected to his son being criticised unfairly. => He objected to people criticising his son unfairly - He resented being kept waiting.=> He resented people keeping him waiting - The safe showed no signs of having been touched. 3. Passive infinitive ( Nguyên mẫu bị động) Form: To be + Past participle