QWƢỐKM DLB ğặKM J_Q _B@^QHDCKND CÏ KồN
LTTNMKEHKQ
TƢL DCXL ZN D _CÉ QC QWXH E@F
EÑK9 CÏKC ZN FCDC CÏKM
MầKM ZÉK CộKM AẩK9 Z AÉ X̤ QC^
TKC ZÉK QCỿD CỊK9
@ộ_9
_C CBKM QC
— _C<47=7
KMX^K QCN QC^ @KC — _C<4481
KMX^K QCN QCLKC QÇK— _C<41?3
KMX^K QWK KMCL
— _C<47<3
CBKM QCLKC AXKM
— _C<4731
_G<:448 - EL
CÏ KồN, KMÏ^ <8 QCKM 8 KćE 7?7<
EỨd @Ứd
DCƢƯKM < QKM \XLK ABLKC KMCNÉ
_.̤ EÑ Q QC QWƢỐKM KMÏKC TL ZÏ
CÏKC ZN T AKM TL DCXL
<.<
<
Qñkm qulk vé ablkc kmcn
p̤
<
<.<.< Qñkm qulk ablkc kmcnp̤
<
<.<.7 Dld sk pcçe dcnkc
7
<.<.4 @
@dc sƿ ckc tckc v pclt trék
8
<.<.1 T]BQ
:
<.<.1.< ğée ekc du QC Qrh E`f
:
<.<.1.7 ğée y du QC Qrh E`f
=
<.<.1.4 DƬ cñ ̤ du QC Qrh E`f
3
<.<.1.1 Qcldc tcd du QC Qrh E`fP
<.7 Qc trƿƬkm kmkc sl tn Zn
t ̤ Kle
>
<.7.< Qkm ml tr d tnkc du tc trkm
<.7.7 ğlkc ml te kĄkm pclt trék du tc trkm
<7
<.7.4 Dld tcƬ
tcƬkm
km c/kck
̤
ckm
ckm v pck fcd sk ppcçe
cçe ck̤ t trk tc trkm
<4
<.4
<.7.4.< Dld tcƬkm c ̤ v kck ckm trk tc trkm
<4
<.7.4.7 _ck fcd sk pcçe c k̤ t trk tc trkm
<:
Qe cnu vé ckc vn s aỨkm sk pcçe
DCƢƯKM
DCƢƯ
KM 7 _
_CÇ
CÇK
KQ
QD
DC
CF
FQ
Q \X
\X K
KMC
MCNÉ
NÉK
K DX
DX/F
/FC
CB
BT
TQ
Q KQ
KQA
AQ
QC
CD
D Q
Q
7.< @l dck pcƿkm pcp kmcnk du
7.7 Qcnt f kmcnk du/fcb st
<=
<>
<>
7<
7.4 _ck tdc ft qu kmcnk du/fcb st. Qe cnu kce kcu du dl KQA Ĝn vn sk
pcçe en rl eĄt.
78
DCƢƯKM <
QKM \XLK ABLKC KMCNÉ
_.̤ EÑ Q QC QWƢỐKM KMÏKC TL ZÏ
CÏKC ZN T AKM TL DCXL
<.< Qñkm qulk vé ablkc kmcn
p̤
<.<.< Qñkm qulk ablkc kmcn p̤
@b ckc9
ckc9 Dñkm ttyy d pcậk t kck
Kmkc kmc9 @Ƭkm tcỼd, tcỼd pcçe
E sỜ tc9 7>?<<43:33
7>?<<43:33
E dckm
dckm fcb
fcblk9
lk9 QC E
E`f
`f Ib
Ibkt
kt T
Ttbd
tbdff Dbe
Dbepky
pky ((BQD
BQD99 QCE`f )
QrỨ sỒ dcnkc9 <:: Ĝkm KmyỈk Qcl Cễd, pckm \km Qrkm, Q_ Zkc, tỎkc Kmcọ Lk
Qh`9 <3??81811?
H-e`9 Otctrhe`f.vk
]hgsth9 cttp9//www.tcen`f.vk/
cttp9//www.tcen`f.vk/
KĄe tckc `ấp9
4?4/<>>>
Dñkm ty QC Qrh E`f dô tk Ĝậy Ĝu ` Dñkm ty d pcậk QcỼd pcçe TỢ QC, tcỞd Qấp Ĝbk
QC. Abkc kmcọp ĜỤd tckc `ấp a sỼ t vẨk t dcnkc du Kmk ckm tcƬkm e d
pcậk GẢd . M kcấp tc trkm Zọt Ke tỦ kĄe 7?, dñkm ty `ñk ckm Ĝk eỨd t
dcb r Ĝ kcỢkm sk pcçe ‐sỢ tƬ sdc― Ĝkm kmcĮ kcẨt.
Aþ e r Ĝ ĜỤd kĄe, kckm QC Qrh E`f mẽt cl ĜỤd rẨt kc tckc tỼ Ĝlkm tỼ
cb. KĄe 7?<4, dñkm ty fclkc tckc kc ely sk xẨt sỢ tƬ sdc v dñkm sẨt Ĝt
8??.??? tẨk/kĄe. ğk g÷ sỢ ĜỤd kñ tchb t dcçk dñkm kmcọ db, v cƬk 18.??? dbk
g÷ ĜỤd dcễk `ễd fỾ `Ửkm tỦ Khw Yh`ka, Lstr`, Dka,…
QC Qrh E`f vkc aỼ kcấk akc cọ Ckm Zọt Ke dcẨt `Ụkm db trbkm 4 kĄe `k tp.
Fcñkm kcỢkm vấy, dñkm ty d÷k trỒ tckc ‐Kc dkm dẨp Ĝlkm tk dấy t Zọt Ke v tcƬkm
cọ y tnk― kĄe 7?<<. Tk pcçe ekm tcƬkm cọ QC Qrh E`f `ễt vb akc sldc ‐tbp ?
sk pcçe tk v aþkm―.
ELW4RKCL_EBKELWFHQNKMGLKCLKM
<
<.<.7 Dld sk pcçe dcnkc
Cọk ky, tcƬkm cọ QC Qrh E`f dcb r Ĝ kc a÷km sk pcçe fcld kc, Ĝlp km
ĜỤd kc dậ sƿ aỨkm du km ak. Dld a÷km sk pcçe pc gk du tcƬkm cọ gb mỔe9
sl 9 TỢ tƬ tckc trþkm, sỢ tƬ tọt trþkm, TỢ tƬ dñkm tcd Qbpfa,
Dd sk pcçe tỦ sl9
sỢ dc tỼ kck, sỢ ct, sỢ dc Ờkm tọt trþkm
ELW4RKCL_EBKELWFHQNKMGLKCLKM
7
fhe9 Fhe Ờd q, fhe qh dld v, fhe cỞp
Dd sk pcçe fhe9
Dd sk pcçe g, pcbelt9
pcbelt 9 GƬ `t tỼ kck, pcbet qh Ebzzrh``
ELW4RKCL_EBKELWFHQNKMGLKCLKM
4
Kƿd mnn fct9
fct9 Kd Ờkm trl dy QC Qrh E`f Idh, kd Ờkm sỢ trl dy QC Qrh
E`f Idh, kd mb rkm QC Qrh E`f WDH
Kƿd tnkc fcnt
ELW4RKCL_EBKELWFHQNKMGLKCLKM
1
Tk pcçe mb Ilpbkndl JZJ
<.<.4 @dc sƿ ckc tckc v pclt trék
71/<7/7?9 @Ỉ r eẢt sỢ tƬ sdc QC Qrh E`f
7:/?8/7?<<9 Fc trƬkm dƿ ckm QC Qrh Ert Ĝậ tk Ồ C Kñ ̤
7=/?7/7?<79 Cñ ̤ tcb qỜd t v sỢ v @Ỉ r eẢt gñ sk
̤ pcçe sỢ tƬ sdc t t ̤ trþkm g
skm aỬkm dcẨt
?>/?=/7?<49 W eẢt sỢ dc QC trh ^bmrt
7?/?7?<19 W eẢt adc vỨ mb sỢ t k̤ kc
/?7/7?<89 Sld ` p̤ f `Ứd dỨe trkm tr g÷ sỢ t p̤ trkm km aỨkm dñkm kmc db
̤ `k kcẨt
Dc
7?7/7?<:9 QC Ĝt 4 m tcỒkm t Cñ ̤ dcỤ Mtjbba Ag
/?4/7?<=9 Qrkm tr QC dñkm gỜ tckc tỼ pclt trék dñkm kmc dẨy
̤ pcñ g÷ sỢ db sk
78/?7?<39 FcỒ dñkm kc ely dc gk q v ĜỔ Ờkm kd cb q dñkm kmc db
̤ t TƬk
@
77/?7/7?<>9 Fclkc tckc kc ely kd tkc fct, cb q v tcb aỤd K Qk. Kc
Kc k̤
ck dcƬkm @b Ĝñkm
̤ ckm 7
ELW4RKCL_EBKELWFHQNKMGLKCLKM
8
<.<.1 T]BQ
<.<.1.< ğée ekc du QC Qrh E`f
@n tc vé xut pct Ĝne
Qc trkm sỢ ` eỞt trbkm kcỢkm tc trkm dkc trkc kcẨt t Zọt ke v kc
tcƬkm cọ kỞ Ĝ v kcấp fcç k tkm kc Zke`f, Khst`h, Atdc @ay, KtJbba…
Qy tce m vb eỞt tc trkm Ĝậy tnkc dkc trkc kc vấy kckm QC Qrh E`f vẦk
mkc ĜỤd kc tckc dñkm kcẨt Ĝkc. Dbk sỜ tc pcậk 4?% dcnkc ` gẼkm dckm dcb
kcỢkm kờ `Ỽd du QC Qrh E`f. Kmb r, tcƬkm cọ ky tckc dñkm vƬk `k v trn Ĝ
aọk kc kk tkm ĜỤd Ĝậ t g gk du dñkm ty, gb mỔe9
-
KmỔk
KmỔk vỜk k Ĝ
Ĝkc
kc tỦ Kmk
Kmk cckm
km QE
QED_
D_ GẢd
GẢd
-
Kc ely v trkm
trkm ttr
r qy
qy eñ
eñ `
`kk kcẨ
kcẨt,
t, tk
tk tk
tk kcẨ
kcẨtt ğñ
ğñkm
km K
Ke
e
-
\y trkc
trkc s
skk xẨ
xẨtt ĜỔ
ĜỔkm
km gỞ tỦ kkñ
ñ Ĝ ttr
r Ĝ
Ĝkk pck
pck pcỜ
pcỜ rỞ
rỞkm
km r
r
ğỞ kcấk
kcấk aọk
aọk rỞ
rỞkm
km du
du tc
tcƬk
Ƭkmm ccọ
ọ
Qấp trkm vb sk pcçe sỢ tƬ, QC Qrh E`f cọk Ĝ `ễt vb tbp 4 kc sk xẨt sỢ `k
kcẨt t Zọt Ke v abkc tc v tc pcậk kmy dkm tĄkm. TỜ `ọ tcỜkm f kĄe 7?<4
dcb tcẨy QC Qrh E`f dce 47% tc pcậk sỢ `Ểkm du Zọt ke, kckm dbk sỜ ky Ĝ
tĄkm `k cƬk 1?% vb kĄe 7?<8. Dñkm ty dŮkm dô cƬk <1?.??? Ĝée glk `Ặ v dld fkc
glk ckm tryk tcỜkm.
Zk cl tñ dcd dkm ty tck tcn k̤
QC Qrh E`f dô vĄk cbl t dcd rẨt tck tcọk v eñ trkm v x cỞ. ğée ekc ky
môp pcậk kkm db sỼ pclt trék trbkm kỞ gỞ dñkm ty dŮkm kc ckc kc tcƬkm cọ trd
Ĝ dckm.
QC Qrh E`f Ĝ dô kcỢkm gỞ kmyk tẢd v tậe kck trbkm fkc abkc kc9
-
Gb
Gb vọ ssd
d fcỂh
fcỂh dỞ
dỞkm
km ĜỔ
ĜỔkm
km ttcñ
cñkm
km qq
kkm
mỔk
Ổk ssỢ
Ợ ssd
dcc
-
KmỔk
KmỔk km
kmy
ykk `ọ
`ọ ccb
bkk tb
tbkk tỼ
tỼ kkc
ck
k
ELW4RKCL_EBKELWFHQNKMGLKCLKM
:
-
Qck
Qck tcọ
tcọkk vv
kk
kk ffk
kcc t
t kkỞ
Ở Ĝ
Ĝ
-
Dc
Dc sẶ
sẶ ``Ụ
Ụ ndc dñkm
dñkm dỞkm
dỞkm…
…
KcỢkm kmyk
km yk tẢd trk ĜỤd QC Qrh E`f tyk gỜ fféé tỦ fc tckc `ấp v vẦk ĜỤd mỢ
kmyk dcb t kmy ky. Qcấe dcn, dld kmyk tẢd trk Ĝ ĜỤd Ĝ vb kc eỞt t dcn
tyék aỨkm du QC Qrh E`f, mp Abkc kmcọp te fe v fcyk fcndc dld km vk
Ĝu t dcçk dô tậe kck v kcọt cyt dckm. Qcñkm q kcỢkm kmyk tẢd ky, QC
Qrh E`f dŮkm Ĝ tb kk eỞt tcƬkm cọ ekm tnkc kck vĄk v Ĝlkm tk dấy v km
t aþkm.
Qcƿkm cn
ṳ v d
km
̤ Ĝkm
QC Qrh E`f Ĝ tce m vb rẨt kc aỼ lk v õ kmcĮ Ĝôkm môp vb `Ụ ndc du dỞkm
ĜỔkm kc tckc `ấp dld trkm tr v kc ely dñkm kmcọ dc gk sỢ mp tb tce kc
vọd `e dcb km ak Ĝ pcƬkm v d tcọk cọ q ĜẨt kñkm kmcọp, qyk môp ckm
trọ `y sỢ ckm kĄe t trỤ dcb dld vþkm kmcãb, tckc `ấp dld ĜỞ t dcd tyk tryk
kcẨk ekc vọd Ĝe gb akc aỬkm dcb trẶ he Zọt Ke…
Kmb r, QC Qrh E`f dŮkm ` kc t trỤ dcb dld aỼ lk x cỞ kc aỼ lk t trỤ ckm
trọ dỜd sỢ dcb kcỢkm km ck el trbkm kmy Dcu Kcất ĜỂ, aỼ lk Ĝôkm môp vb vọd
trþkm t dld kmñ dcþ d trk tbk qỜd v dld aỼ lk `ấp trkc tcd Ĝçy ml tr du pcỨ kỢ,
Ĝb Ĝd x cỞ, …
DŮkm dcnkc QC Qrh E`f ` tcƬkm cọ Ĝ Ĝ xẨt v Dcnkc pcu v vọd qy Ĝkc v
t dcçk cbl dld `b sỢ fcld kc, kcẼe tcd Ĝçy eỞt tc trkm sỢ `kc ekc cƬk
dcb km t aþkm.
<.<.1.7 ğée y du QC Qrh E`f
Mn tckc
Fé tỦ fc m kcấp tc trkm sỢ, QC Qrh E`f Ĝ ` tcƬkm cọ dô ml tckc db cƬk
cẴk sb v sk pcçe du dld tcƬkm cọ sỢ fcld. ğ ky tb sỼ gẨt `Ụ `k dcb QC
trbkm tc trkm sỢ kỞ Ĝ Ĝậy tnkc dkc trkc, Ĝẽd gọt sb v Zke`f, kc sk xẨt sỢ
ELW4RKCL_EBKELWFHQNKMGLKCLKM
=
`k kcẨt t Zọt Ke. ğẽd gọt ml tckc db dŮkm ` eỞt dk trỒ du QC Qrh E`f fc
tp dấk tậkm `p tc kcấp trkm gkc v tcẨp, tậkm `p dce Ĝ pcậk trbkm tkm ak sỜ t
Zọt Ke.
Qcle mnl fcn tc trƿƬkm sl Ĝ gb cl tn Zn
t ̤ Kle
Fcñkm dô tcé pcu kcấk ĜỤd tc trkm sỢ Ĝkm pclt trék ekc Ồ Zọt Ke, v eỞt
sỜ `Ụkm `k dld sk pcçe gy glk Ồ eễ dƿ ckm cbẽd dld s tc tỦ kcỂ t `k. ğ
ky aẦk t x ckm km t aþkm fcñkm pck gọt ĜỤd dld `b sỢ ab tc cé gt
v tcñkm tk sk pcçe v tct f gb g my kcậe `Ầk. QC Qrh E`f dŮkm ` eỞt tcƬkm
cọ trbkm sỜ eñk vk dld tcƬkm cọ sỢ kỞ Ĝ. Zấy kk, Ĝ ky fck dcb QC Qrh
E`f `ñk trbkm trkm tcl pc te r kcỢkm dldc tp dấk Fcldc ckm e cbẽd dld dck
adc kcấk aọk tcƬkm cọ trbkm ql trkc fkc abkc du ekc.
<.<.1.4 DƬ cñ ̤ du QC Qrh E`f
Dc trkm sd fch kmƿƬn tnu akm
EỞt trbkm kcỢkm dƬ cỞ `k kcẨt du QC Qrh E`f kẼe Ồ vọd dc trễkm vb sd fcbẶ du
km t aþkm trbkm kcỢkm kĄe mậk Ĝy. Qchb x ckm Ĝô, eỞt trbkm kcỢkm sk pcçe
dỼd fỴ ĜỤd dcỞkm du Qrh E`f ` a÷km sk pcçe sỢ cỢ dƬ du tcƬkm cọ.
TỢ cỢ dƬ dô d tnkc abkc tc tbk dậ tĄkm 7??% vb kĄe 7?78. Z t Zọt Ke tc
dld sk pcçe sỢ cỢ dƬ pcậk `k vẦk ĜỤd kcấp fcç tỦ dld trkm tr cỢ dƬ dc kclkc Ồ
kd kmb. Zấy kk, dô eỞt kc dậ Ĝậy te kĄkm v tc trkm sỢ cỢ dƬ t Zọt Ke
v QC Qrh E`f Ĝkm Ĝçy eŮ tk dck `Ụd vb tc trkm e k ky v Ĝ mkc
ĜỤd kc gd tk qk trễkm.
Zn aỨ kĄe 7?<=, QC Qrh E`f Ĝ kcấk ĜỤd m tcỒkm ‐Tk pcçe e tỜt kcẨt 7?<=―
t Qrék `e QcỼd pcçe \Ờd t `ậk tc 7: (Etxdbv, kmy <<-<1 tclkm >). Cy vọd
xẨt cọk t CỞ kmc dld kc `kc Ĝb fkc t L_HD (ğ KẸkm, tclkm <<). ğ ky tb
sỼ tcấk `Ụ dcb vọd pclt trék dld dƬ cỞ tbk dậ fcld kc dcb tấp Ĝbk QC trbkm tƬkm
` mậk.
T pct trnk cƿkm tn tc trƿƬkm qud t
ELW4RKCL_EBKELWFHQNKMGLKCLKM
3
TỼ dñkm kcấk v eẽt tcƬkm cọ v dcẨt `Ụkm kmy dkm tĄkm du QC Qrh E`f Ĝ
ekm t dcb dñkm ty dƬ cỞ pclt trék t dld tc trkm trbkm kd v tbk dậ. Zn aỨ,
tcƬkm cọ Ĝ kc kĄe ĜỤd dcnkc qyk Zọt Ke dñkm kcấk cbt ĜỞkm trbkm tc
trkm kỞ Ĝ cy rẨt kc m tcỒkm v tnkc k tbk dcb km sƿ aỨkm mp dckm
ekc ĜỤd tnkc `kc ekc v k tbk du sk pcçe dcb eễ tậkm `p km t aþkm.
ğẽd gọt kĄe 7?<:, QC Qrh E`f ĜỤd Cọp cỞ Kñkm kmcọp cỢ dƬ Zọt Ke vkc akc
v kcỢkm Ĝôkm môp vb vọd pclt trék dld sk pcçe cỢ dƬ. KcỢkm m tcỒkm db qõ
trk tb Ĝ pclt trék dcb QC Qrh E`f, fcñkm dcỎ trbkm tc trkm kỞ Ĝ e d÷k vƬk
tậe r dld tc trkm qỜd t kc Km, Qrkm qỜd, Kcất Gk.
<.<.1.1 Qcldc tcd du QC Qrh E`fP
E`fP
T dkc trlkc fckm kmỦkm
Kc Ĝ Ĝ dấp Ồ trk tc sỼ dkc trkc trbkm tc trkm sỢ du Zọt Ke ` eỞt trbkm
kcỢkm y tỜ ekm Ĝậy tnkc tcldc tcd trbkm tƬkm ` du QC Qrh E`f. ğẽd gọt, eễ
sk pcçe cy õ tỒkm du tcƬk
tcƬkmm cọ Ĝ dô tcé g gẢt dcd v gy glk v ed ml rẶ
cƬk. Zn aỨ, QC Qrh E`f tỦ ` Ĝ ĜỤd gt t ` kc sk xẨt sỢ cỢ dƬ ckm Ĝậ t
Zọt Ke tỦ kmy Ĝậ tckc `ấp. Qy kck, dñkm ty Ĝ vẨp pc sỼ dkc trkc tỦ
Zke`f, tcƬkm cọ sỢ dỼd `k t tc trkm Zọt Ke fc tcƬkm cọ ky dŮkm tkm
r sk pcçe sỢ cỢ dƬ.
Sît v ml tckc, QC Qrh E`f dŮkm mẽp gẨt `Ụ cƬk fc ml tckc du QC Qrh E`f Ĝẽt
r db cƬk sb v ĜỜ tcu du ekc. EỞt cỞp 8??e` sỢ cỢ dƬ du QC Qrh E`f dô ml
4<,???ZKA sb v eỞt cỞp <@ du Zke`f dô ml 88,???ZKA. Zấy kk, v sỼ dkc
trkc fcỜd `ọt tỦ dld tcƬkm cọ gk kmb fck dcb QC Qrh E`f pc dỼd fỴ dk kcẢd
trbkm eễ gd tk du tcƬkm cọ trbkm tƬkm `.
Dd dle ft trbkm tƿkm `ln
EỞt eỜ Ĝh aễ Ĝlkm fé fcld ĜỜ v QC Qrh E`f ` de ft Ĝ tchb dld kmyk tẢd du
Abkc kmcọp trbkm tƬkm `. Cọk t, QC Qrh E`f vẦk Ĝkm fcñkm kmỦkm pclt trék v
eỒ rỞkm qy eñ du ekc. Z qy trkc sk xẨt ekm tnkc qy eñ `k dþkm eỞt f
ELW4RKCL_EBKELWFHQNKMGLKCLKM
>
cbdc Ĝậ t `k kc vấy, dcẢd dcẢk sẵ tb r kc Ĝ fcñkm dcẢd dcẢk v kcỢkm de
ft du Abkc kmcọp v dỞkm ĜỔkm.
Zn aỨ, v sỼ dkc trkc ekc v ml du dld tcƬkm cọ sỢ kmb kcấp v kỞ Ĝ, `ọ
QC Qrh E`f dô tcé ay tr, kkm db dcẨt `Ụkm du dld a÷km sỢ du tcƬkm cọ trbkm
fc mỢ kmyk dld `Ụ ndc dŮkm kc dld dck adc Ĝôkm môp dcb dỞkm ĜỔkm2
Cy kc dld dlb gỞd v vọd ñ kcỈe xkm qkc dld kc ely v trkm tr du QC Qrh
E`f, my kc cỒkm Ĝk dỞd sỜkm du km ak Ĝ pcƬkm. Eẽd aþ, QC Qrh E`f
kmy s Ĝô Ĝ Ĝ r dld pcƬkm ckm m qyt kckm fcñkm pc tẨt d dld dlb gỞd
Ĝ ĜỤd m qyt.
<.7
Qc trƿƬkm kmkc sl tn Zn
t ̤ Kle
<.7.< Qkm ml tr d ttnkc
nkc du tc ttrkm
rkm
Qchb Hrbebktbr, tc trkm sỢ Zọt Ke d tnkc Ĝt <48.??? t ĜỔkm trbkm kĄe 7?7?
(+3,4% sb v dþkm fỴ), kc tỜd ĜỞ tĄkm trỒkm kckc du dld kmkc ckm sỢ dc v sỢ
Ờkm <.=% tĄkm.
Dld kmkc ckm tĄkm trỒkm db cƬk gb mỔe sỢ Ờkm (+%), sỢ dc (+<7%), pcñ e
(+<<%), gƬ (+%) v dld sk pcçe tỦ sỢ fcld (+3%) trbkm fc sỢ gỞt dcỎ tĄkm 1% v ml
tr, tchb d tnkc du Hrbebktbr.
Eẽt fcld, t sẨt `Ụ kcấk tbk kmkc dŮkm tĄkm. Fc e, adc Dbva-<> Ĝ tld ĜỞkm Ĝk kc
dậ sỢ tbk dậ, fck ml sỢ kmyk `ọ Ồ ed tcẨp trbkm kĄe 7?7?, Ĝẽd gọt ` ml dcẨt
ghb fck Lkcyarbs (-74% sb v dþkm fỴ). Kmb r, ml aậ tcẨp mp me dc pcn Ĝôkm
mô v vấk dcyék. Dld y tỜ ky cờ trỤ t sẨt `Ụ kcấk mỞp du dld dñkm ty sỢ.
EỞt trbkm kcỢkm dcỎ sỜ tndc dỼd du kmkc sỢ trbkm kĄe q m ` t sẨt `Ụ kcấk m
tĄkm. DỨ tcé, adc Dbva-<> Ĝ tld ĜỞkm Ĝk kc dậ sỢ tbk dậ, fck ml sỢ kmyk `ọ
Ồ ed tcẨp trbkm kĄe 7?7?, Ĝẽd gọt ` ml dcẨt ghb fck Lkcyarbs (-74% sb v dþkm fỴ).
Kmb r, ml aậ tcẨp mp me dc pcn Ĝôkm mô v vấk dcyék. Dld y tỜ ky cờ trỤ t
sẨt `Ụ kcấk mỞp du dld dñkm ty sỢ.
ELW4RKCL_EBKELWFHQNKMGLKCLKM
EỞt trbkm kcỢkm x ckm dcnkc trk tc trkm sỢ trbkm kĄe 7?7? ` dld dñkm ty `k tp
tỨd `Ẩy tce tc pcậk, glb dlb du TT Whshrdc dcỎ rø.
DỨ tcé kc dñkm ty sỢ Zke`f (ZKE) e ` EỞd Dc E`f (EDE), cy A_ ĜỤd
G`h _bkt v ZhtDpt` e `. Z s fc e `, dld dñkm ty eỨd t ky Ĝ Ĝt ft
q Ẩk tỤkm, dỨ tcé EDE Ĝt ed tĄkm trỒkm `Ụ kcấk r÷km r÷km ` :3% sb v dþkm fỴ
trbkm > tclkm Ĝậ kĄe 7?7?, d÷k A_ Ĝt <8< t ĜỔkm `Ụ kcấk r÷km trbkm : tclka kĄe 7?7?
(sb v <<4 t ĜỔkm trbkm kĄe 7?<>).
Qy abkc tc e dcỎ gẼkm < pcậk kcỂ sb v sỢ tƬ kckm tchb Ĝlkc ml tc trbkm v kĄe
t tc trkm sỢ dc Zọt dô tcé dô tce kc gd pclt trék v qy eñ. Z te kĄkm
kc vấy, cọk Ĝ dô tce fcl kc dñkm ty kỞ, kmb Ĝậ t vb tc trkm ky kc QC Qrh
E`f, G Z, Fkc ğñ, Dñkm ty d pcậk sỢ qỜd t (A_)… C cẾk tĄkm sd dkc trkc
trbkm tc trkm sỢ dc Zọt Ke.
Qy cọk t tcô qhk sƿ aỨkm sỢ dc du km t aþkm d÷k dc kc kckm tchb aỼ
glb du kc dcyk m, tc trkm sỢ dc Zọt dô tcé mỢ ed 7?% trbkm fcbkm kĄe
t. \y eñ tc trkm ky dŮkm sẵ aậk tĄkm `k v dk gẼkm v sỢ tƬ. Qrbkm fcbkm 1-8
kĄe kỢ t `ọ mỢ 7 tc trkm ky dô tcé Ĝt Ĝk ed dk gẼkm 8?98?. Z fcl kc kcỢkm
ELW4RKCL_EBKELWFHQNKMGLKCLKM
<<
te kĄkm pclt trék kk kc abkc kmcọp kỞ, kmb dŮkm Ĝ fcñkm gỂ q dƬ cỞ Ĝậ t
vb tc trkm ky.
Zọt Ke ` tc trkm rẨt te kĄkm v d÷k kc dcờ trỜkm dcb kcỢkm abkc kmcọp fcld
eỜk tce m fc tcld. Z sỼ xẨt cọk du ckm `bt tcƬkm cọ e, trbkm tc mk t
tc pcậk trk tc trkm sỢ dc dô tcé tcy Ĝ, dc fé fc qy eñ du tc trkm sỢ dc
`k tỨd m tĄkm dŮkm sẵ dkc trkc trỼd tp v tc trkm sỢ tƬ.
<.7.7 ğlkc ml te kĄkm pclt ttrék
rék du tc trkm
ğlkc ml v trék vễkm kmkc sỢ kĄe 7?7<, TT Whshrdc dcb rẼkm, sỢ aþ ĜỤd db ` eẽt
ckm tct y, kckm x ckm t tcỨ dô tcé tchb "eñ ckc dcỢ F". Qchb Grry Wtcb`tz,
dy vt gkc `ấk trk G`bbeghrm, eñ ckc dcỢ F tcé cọk sỼ pck cô trbkm kk fkc t v
kcỢkm kcôe kmkc ĜỤd cỒkm `Ụ sẵ tp tỨd tĄkm trỒkm trbkm Ĝ adc, trbkm fc pcậk d÷k
` sẵ me ekc.
Qchb Ĝô, kc dậ tỦ km t aþkm dô tc kcấp tcẨp vẦk dô tcé g kc cỒkm ab adc
Dbva-<> Ĝ my tcọt c Ĝk tc kcấp du kcôe ky, cbẽd ĜỜ v kcỢkm km t aþkm
kcy de v ml.
TT Whshrdc d tnkc kmkc sỢ kĄe 7?7< sẵ tĄkm trỒkm abkc tc eỞt dcỢ sỜ. Qchb Ĝô
fdc gk ky aỼ trk dld m Ĝkc9 (<), adc Dbva-<> sẵ ĜỤd fée sblt vb mỢ kĄe 7?7<6
(7), sẵ fcñkm dô tce ĜỤt mk dldc x cỞ trk tbk qỜd6 v (4), t tcỨ sỢ kô dckm sẵ
pcỨd cỔ sb v ed tcẨp trbkm kĄe 7?7? ` =%.
Kmb r, ml sỢ kmyk `ọ dô fc kĄkm tĄkm kcẾ trbkm kĄe 7?7<, dŮkm mỜkm kc x
ckm tĄkm ml du dld `b ckm cô fcld, tchb TT Whshrdc, ab vấy ĜƬk v kmck d ky
m Ĝkc ml sỢ kmyk `ọ sẵ tĄkm 1% sb v dþkm fỴ trbkm kĄe 7?7<. Kmb r, ml aậ db
cƬk trbkm kĄe 7?7< dô tcé sẵ kc cỒkm Ĝk dc pcn Ĝôkm mô v vấk dcyék.
Glb dlb kmck d du TT Whshrdc dŮkm dcb rẼkm, dld kc Ĝậ t kmy dkm qk te Ĝk
HTM (eñ trkm, x cỞ, qk tr) fc Ĝậ t vb dld dñkm ty sỢ. Ab Ĝô, dld dñkm ty sỢ Ĝ
ELW4RKCL_EBKELWFHQNKMGLKCLKM
<7
gẢt Ĝậ
Ĝ ậ Ĝ akm cô sk pcçe, vn aỨ kc dcyék sskm
km ĜỔ Ờkm dô kmỔk mỜd tcỼd vất, trbk
trbkmm
fc Ĝô km t aþkm dŮkm kmy dkm qk te Ĝk dld `b sỢ ct kc cƬk.
Ab Ĝô, dô tcé kô te kĄkm pclt trék du sk pcçe TỢ dc v d pc ` rẨt `k Ĝẽd gt dcb
dld dc he pcỨ kỢ, kcỢkm km kmcọk d pc kckm eỜk te eỞt sk pcçe vỦ dô v d
pc vỦ k tbk g aỬkm. Z Zọt Ke ` ĜẨt kd du kcỢkm dbk km y d pc v trỔkm
ĜỤd rẨt kc d pc kmbk Ĝẽd sẢd. Qy kck, kc km d÷k km kmậk fc sƿ aỨkm kc
v sỤ kc cỒkm Ĝk `k a v sd fcỂh. Zấy tc sỢ dc v d pc sẵ ` eôk ĜỔ Ờkm y
tcndc fc dô tld aỨkm mp tỎkc tlb, Ĝlkc gy dƬk gỔk kmu e fcñkm kc cỒkm Ĝk `k a
gỒ sỢ dc rẨt dô `Ụ dcb
dc b sd fcỂh Ĝẽd gọt ` `k a. Qcd Ờkm dc dc, kmễt a, tckc
elt e ` dô v cƬ ĜĄkm ĜẢkm ft cỤp v eþ tcƬe Ĝẽd trkm du d pc pc pck c÷ `Ầk
vb kc dcẢd dcẢk sẵ fck kc km e eçk.
<.7.4 Dld tcƬk
tcƬkmm c/kck
̤
c
ckm
km v pck fcd s
skk pcçe ck̤ t trk tc trkm
<.7.4.< Dld tcƬkm c ̤ v kck ckm trk tc trkm
Znklen`f
@ tcƬkm cọ sỢ ckm Ĝậ Zọt Ke v `dc sƿ 1? kĄe pclt trék. DcẨt `Ụkm sk
pcçe, adc vỨ `ñk ĜỤd d tk Ĝé Ĝlp km tỜt kcẨt kc dậ du km t
aþkm. Zke`f Ĝkm dce `Įkc pcậk `k tc trkm sỢ trbkm kd v cƬk 7?? `b sk
pcçe fcld kc kc9 sỢ tƬ ?%, sỢ dc, sỢ gỞt Ah`d L`pc, sỢ Ĝẽd Ñkm Qcễ vv
Kmñ sb _cƬkm Ke,… akc dcb eễ ` t. Cọk ky Zke`f dô <4 kc ely sk
xẨt t Zọt Ke v 1 kc ely dc kclkc t kd kmb v mậk 4?? kc pck pcỜ, dô
eẽt Ồ fcẢp dld tỎkc tckc trk d kd, Ĝ xẨt fcç Ĝ 14 qỜd m v vþkm `kc tc trk
tc m.
Z kmỔk kmyk `ọ Ĝt t dcçk qỜd t, Ĝk ky Zke`f dô trkm tr g÷ sỢ
tr a fcẢp ĜẨt kd v qy eñ `k. Qbk gỞ mỜkm g÷ sỢ Ĝ ĜỤd kcấp tỦ d, EỾ v
Khw Yh`ka v, dkm dẨp fcbkm =8? tẨk sỢ eờ kĄe. Zke`f cọk Ĝkm Ĝẽt r eỨd
t Ĝkm vb tbp 8? dñkm ty sỢ `k kcẨt tc m trbkm eỞt v kĄe t. Kmb kcỢkm m
tcỒkm y tnk trbkm kd, Zke`f d÷k kc `ậk ĜỤd xkm tk trbkm dld cỞ kmc v `Ỉ
trb m qỜd t.
ELW4RKCL_EBKELWFHQNKMGLKCLKM
<4
Autdc @lay
Atdc @ay Zọt Ke ` dñkm ty `k abkc mỢ tấp Ĝbk Jrhs`ka Jbbas k tkm du
C @k trbkm `Įkc vỼd sk xẨt sỢ v dñkm ty sk xẨt v xẨt kcấp fcç Gkc AƬkm —
Zọt Ke.
Dld sk pcçe sỢ du dñkm ty Ĝ r tc trkm t tcỨ t Zọt Ke tỦ kĄe <>>: v
kck
kck cọ
cọ99 Dñ ml
ml C @
@kk rẨ
rẨtt mậk
mậk mŮ
mŮ v tck
tck tcỞ
tcỞd.
d. Dþ
Dþkm
km v
v Zk
Zke
e`f
`f,, Atd
Atdcc
@ay dce :< % tc pcậk sỢ trbkm kd v dld sk pcçe ĜỤd km t aþkm y
tcndc `Ỽ dcễk kc9 sỢ tƬ, sỢ gỞt kmyk fhe, sỢ Ĝẽd dñ ml C @k, sỢ dñkm tcd
(<74, 18:), sỢ Atdc @ay Mb`a, Jrsb, Jrst,… Atdc @ay Zọt Ke ĜỤd km t
aþkm gkc dcễk `9 ‐Ckm Zọt Ke dcẨt `Ụkm db―.
Kutnjbba
Kutnjbba9 @ dñkm ty ckm Ĝậ v tcỼd pcçe akc aỬkm t Zọt Ke, v ĜỤd Km
Kutnjbba9
t aþkm Zọt Ke `k tỨd gkc dcễk9 Qbp 8 ckm Zọt Ke dcẨt `Ụkm db tƬkm ĜƬkm
v ckm kcấp kmb. ğé dô ĜỤd Ĝ Ĝô, Kutnjbba Ĝ Ĝậ t xy aỼkm kc ely t fc
dñkm kmcọp Gkc AƬkm v ay dcyk sk xẨt cọk Ĝ tchb dñkm kmcọ ğd, QcỨy
ğék,... Ĝe gb dcẨt `Ụkm v vọ skc k tbk tcỼd pcçe.
Z cọ tcỜkm pck pcỜ dcyk kmcọp eỒ rỞkm fcẢp :1 tỎkc tckc trbkm d kd, dñkm ty
dce ĜỤd tc pcậk db kcẨt v sỢ gỞt kmyk fhe trbkm rẨt kc dld sk pcçe kc9
AW @XSL, TỢ tọt trþkm KtJbba,Qeey, TỢ dc Kt, Kt Zt Ddb @ Edc,
Kt sỢ tƬ ?%, sỢ Ĝẽd dô Ĝkm Kt, TỢ Ĝấ kkc Kt, Kt \ GỞt Ąk aẽe, Kt
\ Mb`a, KZt, KZt Mrbw, _ha _`s Mrbw_@XT+,…
Dld sk pcçe akc aỬkm tỦ sỢ du dñkm ty Ĝlp km kc dậ akc aỬkm dậk tct du
dỞkm ĜỔkm v môp pcậk vb sỼ pclt trék tbk aọk v tcé dcẨt du km Zọt Ke.
Khst`h
ELW4RKCL_EBKELWFHQNKMGLKCLKM
<1
QcƬkm cọ sỢ Khst`h dŮkm ` eỞt trbkm kcỢkm tcƬkm cọ sỢ `k Ồ Zọt Ke — kẼe
trbkm Ĝ m Ĝkc akc aỬkm Khst`h- eỞt dñkm ty tcỼd pcçe `k kcẨt tc m dô trỨ sỒ t
QcỨy TĮ kckm Ĝ dô eẽt Ồ Zọt Ke tỦ kĄe <><7.
Dld sk pcçe sỢ du Khst`h rẨt Ĝ akm v pcbkm pc kc9 E `ñ (sỢ gỞt, sỢ kd)
akc dcb trẶ tỦ : Ĝk <7 t — ĜỤd dld gk kcỂ rẨt y tcndc, sỢ gỞt Kk- tỜt dcb t
cô akc dcb trẶ tỦ ? Ĝk : t, sỢ mẨ Khst`h, sỢ Khst`h EBE&E
EBE&EH
H akc dcb g gậ,
sỢ @dtbmhk,…
NA_
Dñkm ty d pcậk sỢ qỜd t (A_) ĜỤd tckc `ấp kĄe 7??1, dô trỨ sỒ v kc ely dc
gk dld sk pcçe sỢ Ĝẽt t c Ĝ akc dô kmỔk kmyk `ọ `k du kd t. ğô `9
Kc ely sỢ DcƬkm EỾ dldc trkm te tcu Ĝñ C KỞ 78 Fe v pcn ty v kc ely
TỢ G Z t G Z - C KỞ.
Dñkm ty ğậ t ay dcyk sk xẨt sỢ cọk Ĝ, dñkm kmcọ tk tk tỦ dld ckm k tkm
trk tc m kc9 ay dcyk dc gk sỢ du tấp Ĝbk L_Z Ç Dc, ay dcyk tct g
Ĝôkm mô fcîp fnk du tấp Ĝbk Qhtr _f QcỨy ğék dþkm v vọd sƿ aỨkm kmỔk kmyk
`ọ sdc ` kcỢkm ĜỔkm dỂ glt kmlt, kcỢkm dc g÷ kb tr÷k dcb r kmỔk sỢ tcƬe kmấy,
dld sk pcçe sỢ du dñkm ty ĜỤd km t aþkm Zọt Ke rẨt y tcndc. Dld sk pcçe
dcnkc ekm dld kck cọ9 @j (sỢ tƬ, sỢ trl dy, sỢ sbdb`, sỢ gẢp,…), sỢ G Z
(sỢ tƬ, sỢ dc), sỢ Fk (v dld sk pcçe ĜỤd `e tỦ ` edc) v ehk sỜkm,…
E
d̤ dcu
Dñkm ty D pcậk MỜkm G÷ sỢ EỞd Dc trỼd tcỞd Qkm Dñkm ty DcĄk kñ Zọt Ke GỞ Kñkm kmcọp v _clt trék Kñkm tcñk dô trỨ sỒ Ĝôkm t Qc trẨk kñkm trkm EỞd
Dc, cyọk EỞd Dc, tỎkc TƬk @, kẼe gk dkc qỜd `Ở :, dldc C KỞ <>1 fe v
pcn Qy GẢd.
ELW4RKCL_EBKELWFHQNKMGLKCLKM
<8
Z kcọe vỨ dcnkc ` dcĄk kñ g÷ sỢ, dkm dẨp dbk mỜkm g÷ sỢ, sk xẨt dc gk dld
sk pcçe tỦ sỢ v sk xẨt tcd Ąk dcĄk kñ, eỨd Ĝndc du Dñkm ty D pcậk MỜkm G÷
sỢ EỞd Dc ` tcỂ ek kc dậ t aþkm v dld sk pcçe sỢ trk tbk qỜd. Dld
a÷km sỢ dcnkc EỞd Dc `9 TỢ tƬ tọt trþkm, sỢ tƬ tckc trþkm. Kmb r d÷k dô dld
`b glkc sỢ kc glkc sỢ kmyk dcẨt, vlkm sỢ, gƬ tƬ…
<.7.4.7 _ck fcd sk pcçe c k̤ t trk tc trkm
Ck̤ ky, v QC Qrh E`f, sk pcçe ĜỤd dc r `e 4 pck fcd9
QỦ 8 - <8 tuñn
TỢ tƬ (kmyk dcẨt, v a, sñ dñ `)6 sỢ dc6 sỢ dc ehk sỜkm
-ğt sỼ pclt trék tỜ
-Mp xƬkm pclt trék tỜt
-Dkm dẨp kĄkm `Ụkm Ĝé cbt ĜỞkm
-_clt trék cọ tcậk fkc
-Cọ t cô fcỂh ekc
QỦ <: - 78 tuñn
TỢ tƬ, sỢ dc
- QĄkm dkm pclt trék dc db
- Cbk tcọk vôd alkm
- ğẾp a
- Dkm dẨp kĄkm `Ụkm dcb ql trkc vấk ĜỞkm v `e vọd
QỦ 7: tuñn trỒ `k
ELW4RKCL_EBKELWFHQNKMGLKCLKM
<:
- TỢ tƬ g skm db``mhk9 `e ĜẾp a, `e dcấe ql trkc `b cô - TỢ tƬ g skm
pcytbsthrb`9 me dcb`hsthrb` — my xƬ vỢ tckc edc el, tỜt dcb cọ te edc
- TỢ tƬ g skm dkx9 mp xƬkm dcẢd fcỂh, me kmy dƬ `bkm xƬkm.
<.4
Qe c
cnu
nu vé ckc vn s aỨkm
aỨkm sk pcçe
Dld gd trbkm qy trkc tcỼd cọk ckc v t aþkm ĜỜ v sk pcçe sỢ dc djî
MỔe 8 gd dỨ tcé kc s9
GƿỖd <9
<9 Kcấk
Kcấk tcỮd kcu dậu
dậu99 Km t aþkm dô tcé Ĝ tr kmcọe mậk ct dld a÷km
sỢ dc du dld kck fcld kc Zke`f, Atdc @ay… dŮkm kc eỞt sỜ a÷km sỢ
dc sọt v cb q du QC Qrh E`f v vấy fc Ĝ e ckm cễ tcẨy eỞt sk pcçe e
r eẢt kc sỢ dc djî tc qyt Ĝkc e sk pcçe Ĝé aþkm tcƿ.
GƿỖd 79
79 Qàe cnỄu sẤk pcẮe vï kcỢkm tcñkm tnk `nék qulk
*Qcñkm tk sk pcçe9
◂ Ml ttck
ckc9
c9 =.
=.<78
<78 Z
ZKA/
KA/ cỞp x 1 cỞp
cỞp (`
(`Ờd)
Ờd) 5 773.8?
3.8??? ZKA
ZKA// `Ờ
`Ờdd
◂ Fc
FcỜ
Ờ ``Ụ
Ụkm
km ttk
kc9
c9 11??m
??m// 1 ccỞp
Ởp x
?m
?m
◂ EẦ e9 vỂ cỞ
cỞpp tr
trẢkm
Ảkm,, kẢp cỞp kk c
ckc
kc sỢ
sỢ dc
dc dj
djîî
◂ Qckc ppcậk
cậk dcn
dcnkc9
kc9 sỢ dc ``k
k ehk tỼ kc
kck
k fcñkm dcẨt gb qk , djî, dckc, sỢ
Ĝẽd
◂ Eþ v ssỢ
Ợ dc
dc9
9 rø rk
rkmm cẨp aẦk,
aẦk, fcñ
fcñkm
km g q ccy
y ql dc
dc,
, sỢ
sỢ dc sl
slkc
kc e
ekk v
aẶb, tcƬe v djî. T fc Ĝé r kmb Ồ kcọt ĜỞ tckm < — 7 m tc ĜỞ Ĝẽd slkc dô
me kckm fcñkm kc.
◂ Ml ttr
r a
akc
kc a
aỬkm
Ửkm99 G aakm
km ddkx
kx v v
vte
tek
k dc
dcbb dƬ ttcé
cé
Cờ trỤ t cô v cẨp tc aỬkm dcẨt
◂ Km
KmỔ
Ổkk mỜd
mỜd99 Z
Zọt K
Ke
e
◂ Qc
QcƬ
Ƭkm
km cọ
cọ99 Q
QC
CQ
Qr
rhh E`
E`f
f
ELW4RKCL_EBKELWFHQNKMGLKCLKM
<=
◂ C
Ckm
km aẦk sƿ aỨ
aỨkm9
km9 ć
ćkk s gỢ ĄĄkk dcnk
dcnkcc <-7 t
tkm.
km. K
Kkk Ąk tr
trd
d 8c dc
dc
v aỈ my
eẨt kmu ab trbkm tckc pcậk dô djhk.
*Qcñkm tk `k qk9 Km t aþkm dô tcé gt ĜỤd tcñkm tk sk pcçe q qkm
dlb trk tryk ckc cbẽd tỦ gk gã, km tck m tcọ v `Ụ ndc du sk pcçe.
GƿỖd 49
49 ğìkc
ğìkc mnì, sb sìkc dìd sẤk pcẮe/ tcƿƬkm cnọu aỼl trék dìd tnéu dcå dì kcçk
◂ Tb sl
slkc
kc ttcƬ
cƬkm
km cọ
cọ QC Qr
Qrhh E`f
E`f vv
Z
Zk
ke
e`f9
`f9
+ QC Qrh E`f9 QC ` eỞt tcƬkm cọ `k, Ĝkm tk t aẦk Ĝậ trbkm kmkc sỢ
v dld sk pcçe dô kmỔk akc aỬkm tct y kc ` mb, tcỼd pcçe dkm dẨp
dcẨt akc aỬkm dcb sd fcỂh km t aþkm. Z QC, sk xẨt r kcỢkm a÷km sỢ
tƬ sdc, vẾk kmyk cƬkm v tck kck dŮkm dcnkc ` Ĝé gb vọ km t aþkm.
Z vấy QC ` ke tỼ cb du Zọt Ke. Kmb r, QC d÷k ĜỤd db ` ‐fẶ― tcỜkm
tr trkm sỢ sdc Zt Ke v 1?% tc pcậk sỢ tƬ.
+ Zke`f9 AẦk Ĝậ kmkc sỢ v 81,8% tc pcậk sỢ kd, 1?,:% tc pcậk sỢ
gỞt v 31.8% tc pcậk kmkc sỢ dc Ąk. Zke`f dŮkm c cẾk Ĝhe ` kckm m
tỜt kcẨt dcb sd fcỂh km t aþkm v cọ tcỜkm trkm tr skc tcl Mrhhk Jre
dcb r kmỔk sỢ sdc v tcƬe kmbk. ‐Zke`f `ñk ekm Ĝk dcb gk kckm m
pclp akc aỬkm tỜt kcẨt dcẨt `Ụkm qỜd t, Ĝlp km kc dậ dcb eễ ĜỜ tỤkm
t aþkm v sk pcçe g aỬkm Ĝkm ĜỤd dcỞkm kc cọk ky9 sỢ kd
Zke`f, sỢ dc Zkef, sỢ Ĝẽd Ñkm Qcễ...―.
◂ Tb sl
slkc
kc sk pcç
pcçe
e sỢ ddc
c ddjh
jh Q
QC
C v sŮ ddc
c Z
Zk
ke`
e`f9
f9
+ TỢ dc QC Qrh E`f9
- CƬkm v9 tcƬe kmbk, v kc v fcld kc kc aỦ, a, dckc `hb ....slkc
ek kmy d fc Ĝé kmĄk Ĝl tu `kc
- Ml tr akc aỬkm9 `k ehk tỼ kck, m akc aỬkm, g skm dcẨt sƬ dcb dcb
dƬ tcé, cờ trỤ t cô v cẨp tc aỬkm dcẨt.
ğỔkm tc dkm dẨp dld dcẨt gîb, dcẨt Ĝe, fẵe, kĄkm `Ụkm, vtek L dcb dƬ
tcé
+ TỢ dc Zke`f9
ELW4RKCL_EBKELWFHQNKMGLKCLKM
<3
- Xem thêm -