Tài liệu Tư tưởng hồ chí minh với sự nghiệp xây dựng con người việt nam phát triển toàn diện

B O Stl NGjkY SINH CHII TICK Hd CHf MINH ITS. THANH D U Y Tie tudng Ho Chi Minh vdi sU nghiep xay dung con ngudi Viet Nam phat trien toan dien (Sack tham khao) PG S. TS. T H A N H D U Y TIT TlflJNG HO CHI MINH VCJI Sir■ NGHIEP ■ XAY DlfNG ■ CON NGirdl VIET NAM PHAT TRIEN TOAN DIEN ■ ■ (SACH T H A M KH AO ) (Tai ban) n h A x u a t b a n k h o a h o c x a h Oi H A N O I -2010 L()I n h a x u a t b a n hu tich Ho Chi' Minh la vi lanh tu thien tai cua Dang C ta va nhan dan ta, ngUdi anh hung giai phong dan toe, danh nhan van hoa the gidi. NgUdi da ket tinh trong minh nhQng pham chat va gia tri tinh than cao quy nhat cua giai cap cong nhan va dan toe Viet Nam. Cong lao va sU nghiep bat ttf cua NgUdi toa sang mot niem tin vo han vao kha nang cach mang va sang tao, lUdng tri va ph&m gia con ngUdi, lay con ngudi lam trung tam cua moi suy nghi va hoat dong. Suot ddi. Ngudi dau tranh chong ap bijfc, bat cong, phan dau dem lai cuoc song tu do, hanh phuc cho nhan dan, cho nhan loai. Chu tich Ho Chi' Minh da de lai cho chung ta mot di san vo gia ve tu tUdng, dao ddc va tac phong. Trong di san tu tUdng cua NgUdi, tu tUdng ve xay dung con ngUdi phat trien toan dien la mot bo phan quan trong, co y nghia to ldn doi vdi cach mang nude ta. Trong sU nghiep xay dung chu nghia xa hoi, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh dac biet coi trong van de xay dung con ngUdi mdi; vi day la dong lUc quyet dinh hudng di len cua xa hoi Viet Nam. NgUdi tCfng day: Muon xay dUng chu nghia xa hoi triidc het can phai co con ngUdi xa hoi chu nghia. Theo NgUdi, con ngUdi xa hoi chu nghia phat trien toan dien chinh la con ngUdi co tinh than lam chu xa hoi, co tri thilc van hoa va khoa hoc, co trinh do chuyen mon nghiep vu, co pham chat dao diic cach mang “can kiem liem chinh” , “chi cong vo tu” , phai nghiem khac chong chu nghia ca nhan. Tham nhu^n tu tUdng Ho Chi Minh ve van de xay dung con ngUdi phat trien toan dien, trong giai doan cach mang 5 hien nay khi nUdc ta dang tien hanh day manh cong nghiep hoa. hien dai hoa. hdn luc nao het. Dang ta dac biet quan tam va chu trong den van de xay dung con ngUdi. phat huy nhan to" con ngUOi va vi con ngudi. Nham cung cap cho ban doc tai lieu tham khao nghien ciiu ve tu tUdng Ho Chi' Minh. nam 2001 va nam 2002, Nha xuat ban Chinh tri quoc gia da xuat ban cuon sach Tit tiidng Ho Chi Minh vdi sit nghiep xay diing con ngi/di Viet Nam phat trien toan dien cua PGS. TS. Thanh Duy. Cuon sach gom 6 chUdng de cap den nhutng quan diem cd ban ve moi quan he giuta van hoa vdi viec xay dUng con ngUdi phat trien toan dien; nguon goc va qua trinh hinh thanh tU tUdng Ho Chi' Minh ve con ngUdi phat trien toan dien: ve dac diem va ban chat, quan niem va giai phap xay dung con ngUdi phat trien toan dien trong boi canh hien nay. Cuon sach da dUdc ban doc rat hoan nghenh. Do nhu cau cua ban doc, Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc xa hoi tai ban cuon sach tren. Xin tran trong gidi thieu cuon sach vdi ban doc. NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC XA H0I 6 l 6 i noi dau Tiep thu truyen thong yeu nUdc va yeu dan cua gia dinh, truyen thong nhan ai cua dan toe, nhat la chu nghia nhan van macxi't, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh co niem tin m anh liet vao sufc m anh va pham gia cua con ngUdi. Ngay sau khi tim dUdc con dUdng ciiu nUdc, NgUdi thay ro: chi co tin vao con ngUdi tijfc la tin vao dan, dua vao dan m6i co hy vong ciiu dUdc nUdc. NgUdi da nhieu l&n noi vdi nhutng ngUdi ban chien dau cua minh khi con d Pari rang, chi co dua vao sCfc minh, vao dan toe minh m6i hy vong dUdc giai phong. Trong Tuyen ngon cua H oi lien hiep thuoc dia, do NgUdi thao ra co doan viet: “Anh em phai lam the nao de dUdc giai phong? Van dung cong thiic cua Cac Mac chung toi xin noi vdi anh em r&ng, cong cuoc giai phong anh em chi co the thUc hien dUdc bang sU no lUc cua ban than anh em” . Rut ra dUdc chan ly do trong hoan canh dat nUdc con bi no le, trong tay khong co mot phUdng tien gi, lai dang song va hoat dong bi mat d nUdc ngoai, that khong phai ddn gian. Da co luc Ho Chi M inh boc lo tam sU cua minh khi tra ldi mot nha van M y nhii sau: “Nhan dan Viet Nam trong do co ong cu than sinh ra toi, thudng tu hoi nhau ai la ngUdi se giup minh thoat khoi ach thong tri cua Phap. NgUdi nay nghi la Nhat, ngUdi khac nghi la Anh, co ngUdi lai cho la My. Toi thay phai di ra nUdc ngoai xem cho ro. Sau khi xem xet ho lam an ra sao, toi se trd ve giup dong bao toi” . Do la dong cd ra di tim dUdng ciiu nUdc cua Ngifdi. 7 Phai hdn 10 nam sau ke tijf khi rdi To quoc (1911). de vao thang 6 nam 1923, khi viet thu tii biet gui cac ban cung hoat dong trudc khi bi mat rdi Pari, Nguyen Ai Quoc - Ho Chi Minh mdi co cau tra ldi ro rang va diit khoat. Tra ldi cau hoi “chung ta phai lam gi?” , NgUdi noi: “Doi vdi toi, cau tra ldi da ro rang: trd ve nUdc, di vao quan chung, thCfc tinh ho, to chiic ho, doan ket ho, huan luyen ho, diia ho ra dau tranh gianh tu do doc lap” 1. Noi len dUdc y tUdng mang tinh chan ly do la ca qua trinh tim toi, khao sat thUc te va the nghiem cuoc song ban than. Tvf do, NgUdi co niem tin manh liet vao con ngiJdi va thay chi co tin yeu con ngUdi that sU, muon giai phong ho that sU, mdi tap hdp dUdc ho thUc hien muc tieu doan ket nhan dan nham tao ra siic m anh cho sU nghiep cach mang. Cung tii do, NgUdi phat hien them mot chan ly bat diet la: Doan ket tao ra stic manh, doan ket tao ra chien thang va NgUdi de ra khau hieu: Doan ket, doan ket, dai doan ket. Thanh cong, thanh cong, dai thanh cong. Tu tUdng Ho Chi Minh ve con ngUdi dUdc bieu hien that da dang va vo cung phong phu. No tham dUdm trong toan bo cuoc ddi va sU nghiep cua NgUdi, dUdc toa sang trong tiing viec lam, tijfng cut chi, tifng moi quan tam an can den moi con ngUdi: Tat ca deu toat len tinh thUdng yeu vo han, sU ton trong, thai do bao dung va niem tin tuyet doi vao con ngUdi. TrUdc khi txt gia coi ddi, trong ban Di chuc de lai cho ddi sau, NgUdi khong quen can dan Dang ta: Ngay sau khi cuoc khang chien chong My, cxiu nUdc th^ng ldi thi “Dau 1. Ho Chi' Minh: Toan tap, Nxb. Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha Noi, 2000, t.l, tr.192. 8 tien la cong viec doi vdi con ngUdi” tiic la phai co chinh sach xa hoi doi vdi con ngiidi. NgUdi can dan “ phai co ke hoach that tot de phat trien kinh te va van hoa, nham khong ngifng nang cao ddi song cua nhan d a n ” . Do la nhiing viec D ang va Nha nude ta da va dang ra siic thUc hien trong sU nghiep doi mdi hien nay. De nghien ctiu mot cach co he thong tu tUdng Ho Chi M inh ve con ngiidi cung nhu tu tUdng cua Ngtfdi ve sii nghiep trong ngUdi nham xay dung con ngiidi mcli phat trien toan dien phu hcfp v6i xa hoi hien dai, can co nhieu cong trinh khoa hoc. NhUng co the noi, cho den nay chung ta con it thay nhiing cong trinh di sau nghien ciiu mot cach toan dien va sau s ic tu tUdng Ho Chi Minh ve con ngiidi v6i tu cach khong chi nhu do! tUdng cua cach mang ma quan trong hdn con la chu the cua cach mang. Con ngiidi noi d day khong phai la mot sieu nhan nao co sCf menh di giai phong cho ngUdi khac ma chinh la ngUdi dan, ngUdi cung kho, ngUdi bi ap biic, ti3c con ngUdi chiu trach nhiem trUdc sil menh lich sii. C) cuon sach nay, chung toi co g&ng neu len he thong cac luan diem trong tu tUdng Ho Chi M inh ve con ngUdi. DUdng nhien, day cung chiia phai la mot cong trinh phan anh that d§y du va toan dien tii tUdng Ho Chi Minh ve con ngUdi the hien tren rat nhieu mat, dac biet trong linh vUc van hoa bieu hien tap trung vao tu tiidng nhan van Ho Chi M inh the hien khong chi trong nhutng quan diem cu the trUc tiep ve con ngUdi ma con trong hau het cac linh vUc tu tUdng, dao diic, tac phong va noi chung la nhan cach van hoa Ho Chi Minh. Co le phai co mot cong trinh khac 16n hdn, d day chung toi chUa co tham vong vUdn t6i. 9 Tuy nhien, vdi mot so chUdng de cap trong cuon sach nho nay, chung toi hy vong se gdi md nhCing quan diem cd ban nhat ve m oi quan he giuta van hoa va viec xay dung con ngUdi phat trien toan dien, ve nguon goc va qua trinh hinh thanh tu tUdng Ho Chi M inh ve con ngiidi phat trien toan dien, ve dac diem va ban chat con ngiidi phat trien toan dien, nhat la ve viec xay dung con ngifdi phat trien toan dien trong thdi dai loai ngUdi dang bu6c vao thien nien ky m6i. Chung toi m ong nhan dUdc nhiing y kien dong gop cua ban doc. t Ac g i a 10 Chirong I M OI QUAN HE G ILA VAN HOA VA VIEC XA Y DUNG CON NGUCII VIET NAM PHAT TRIEN TOAN DIEN PHU HOP VCH THClI KY DAY MANH CONG NGHIEP HOA, HIEN DAI HOA DAT NUCfC Trong he thong tu tUdng Ho Chi Minh, van de phat trien van hoa cung nhu van de xay dUng con ngUdi mdi tiic la con ngUdi phat trien toan dien deu co vi tri dac biet quan trong A / . •» va co moi quan he gan bo hiJu cd vdi nhau. Phat trien van hoa la nham muc dich xay dung con ngUdi mdi, tao dieu kien cho con ngUdi ngay cang nang cao nhan cach, hoan thien ban chat ngUdi. Phat trien van hoa cung dong thdi de tao ra dong luc cho con ngUdi phat trien, xay dUng con ngUdi phat trien toan dien phu hdp vdi yeu cau thdi ky cach mang mdi. Do la hai mat cd ban cua van hoa. Cho nen, khi noi van hoa, chung ta khang dinh van hoa viia la muc tieu, viia la dong luc. Du la muc tieu hay dong luc, van hoa cung gan vdi con ngUdi tao nen pham chat cua con ngUdi cu the, tiic con ngUdi co nhan cach van hoa. Mat khac. khi noi den con ngifdi, chung ta khong xem con ngUdi nhu la sinh vat trtiu tUdng, con ngUdi noi chung ma bao gid cung noi den con ngifdi cu the trong mot xa hoi cu the. Vdi y nghia do, con ngUdi vCfa la muc tieu, viia la dong luc cung nhu muc tieu va dong luc cua van hoa. Dieu do chiing to giu'a van hoa vdi con ngUdi tuy la hai van de khac nhau, nhUng thUc chat cd moi quan he gan bo rat hiiu cd vdi nhau, tuy hai ma nhu mot. Noi van hoa khong the khong noi den 11 con ngifdi vi chi co con ngUdi mdi co van hoa; noi con ngiidi cung khong the khong noi den van hoa, chi vi van hoa la thuoc tinh dac trUng ban chat cua con ngUdi va chi co van hoa cua con ngUdi. La muc tieu, van hoa cung nhu con ngUdi bao gid cung dUdc xem la doi tUdng xay diing va phat trien cua sU nghiep cach mang, co nghia la xet cho cung, du noi den sach lUdc hay chien lUdc, muc tieu trudc mat hay muc tieu lau dai... bat cii cuoc cach mang chan chinh nao, bat cii nhiem vu nao cua Dang va Nha niidc dat ra deu xuat phat tii viec dem lai hanh phuc cho con ngUdi ma hanh phuc do khong chi co cdm an, ao mac hoac bat cii mot nhu cau vat chat nao khac ma chinh la nhu cau van hoa. Tham chi xet cho cung, co the noi, tat ca nhiing nhu cku toi thieu cua con ngUdi tijf an, mac. d, di lai, vui chdi, quan he tinh ngUdi, ca vat chat va tinh than... deu co xuat phat diem tCf van hoa. Cho nen, ngay nay ngUdi ta noi den van hoa the hien d moi nhu cau cuoc song nhu van hoa am thUc, van hoa giao tiep, van hoa the lUc, van hoa the thao, van hoa du lich, van hoa loi song, van hoa tu tUdng, van hoa dao diic, van hoa phap luat, van hoa gia dinh, van hoa thdi trang, van hoa ton giao, v.v... Hau nhu khong co mot linh vUc nao cua cuoc song gan vdi nhu cau con ngUdi lai khong gan vdi van hoa. Van hoa la ban chat dac trUng chi thay cd d con ngudi. Neu thieu ban chat van hoa thi moi nhu cau toi thieu cua con ngifdi cung khong khac may nhu cau cua dong vat. Con ngUdi thUc sU trd thanh NgiCdi tCf khi cd van hoa. Dieu do ngav nay da diidc noi nhieu va ngay cang thay ro ban chat ngitdi g in lien vdi ban chat van hod. Ban chat van hoa cua con ngUdi dUdc the hien d nhieu mat cua cuoc song, nhUng chu yeu the hien d tam hieu biet, 12 kha nang tri tue va nhat la noi tam tinh cam. gia tri tinh th&n cua con ngudi. Da co hang tram dinh nghia ve van hoa. cho den trudc khi UNESCO phat dong Thap ky the gidi phat trien van hod van con nhieu dinh nghia khac nhau. NhUng doi vdi chung ta co the noi. dinh nghia cua Ho Chi Minh ve van hoa la tieu bieu hdn ca, gan vdi con ngUdi hdn ca: “Vi le sinh ton cung nhu muc dich cua cuoc song, loai ngUdi mdi sang tao va phat minh ra ngon ngii, chijf viet, dao diifc, phap luat, khoa hoc, ton giao, van hoc, nghe thuat, nhiing cong cu cho sinh hoat h4ng ngay ve mac. an, d va cac phUdng thiic sU dung. Toan bo nhung sang tao va phat m inh do tiic la van hoa. Van hoa la sU tong hdp cua moi phUdng thiic sinh hoat cung vdi bieu hien cua no ma loai ngUdi da san sinh ra nh^m thich ufng nhiing nhu cau ddi song va doi hoi cua sU sinh ton” 1. Do la mot dinh nghia phan anh dung nhat ban chat cua van hoa dong thdi cung the hien r5 ban chat con ngUdi cd van hoa, tu! do chung ta thay ro moi quan he hiiu cd giiia van hoa vdi con ngUdi. Trong nhiing gia tri cd lien quan den van hoa, Ho Chi' Minh cho ta thay gia tri cao nhat cua moi gia tri van hoa, chinh la con ngi(di. Con ngUdi la sii quy tu ban chat cua van hoa va chi co van hoa mdi lam cho con ngUdi trd nen ngitcti thUc su\ Con ngUdi hoan thien hay chUa hoan thien, phat trien toan dien hay chUa toan dien, chinh la nhd cd van hoa va chi cd van hoa. Van hoa von 'd chiic nang rat ldn. Noi ro chiic nang cua van hoa, dong thdi noi ro moi quan he giiia van hoa vdi ddi song xa hoi cua con ngudi, Ho Chi Minh noi: Van hoa cd lien 1. Ho Chi Minh: Sdd, t.3, tr.431. 13 lac vdi chinh tri rat mat thiet. Phai lam the nao cho van hoa vao sau trong tam ly quoc dan. nghia la van hoa phai sUa doi dUdc tham nhung, lUdi bieng. phu hoa, xa xi. Tam ly cua ta lai muon lay tu do, doc lap lam goc. Van hoa phai lam the nao cho ai cung co ly tUdng tu chu. doc lap. tu do. Dong thdi van hoa phai lam the nao cho quoc dan co tinh th&n vi nUdc quen minh, vi ldi l'ch chung ma quen ldi l'ch rieng. V6i xa hoi. van hoa phai lam the nao cho moi ngUdi Viet Nam tvf gia den tre, ca dan ong va dan ba ai cung hieu cai nhiem vu cua minh va biet hUdng cai hanh phuc cua minh nen dUdc hUdng. So phan dan ta d trong tay ta. Van hoa phai soi dUdng cho quoc dan d i1. Dieu do chiing to Ho Chi Minh khong chi dat rat cao vi tri, chiic nang cua van hoa, ma hdn the NgUdi con coi van hoa gan vdi ban chat con ngUdi va ban chat moi xa hoi, ban chat dan toe. Qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien cua moi dan toe doi hoi nhieu dieu kien. nhung dieu kien cd ban nhat van la van hoa bieu hien d yeu to ngdn nguf, chii viet, tam ly dan toe va nhat la y thiic cong dong ve lanh tho va ve nhieu mat cua ddi song con ngUdi cung co chung so phan. Van hoa co kha nang tao ra con ngUdi hoan thien, dong thdi tao ra nhiing ky tich cho xa hoi va bien xa hoi lac hau thanh xa hoi van minh, nghia la co mot siic manh dUdc goi la stic manh van hod. Trong thUc te each mang nu6c ta, Ho Chi Minh da sU dung siic manh truyen thong van hoa dan toe nhu mot loai vu khi dieu ky tao ra siic manh vat chat va tinh th in cho nhan 1. Xem: Bao Ctiu quoc, ngay 24-11-1946. 14 dan ta chien thang cac loai ke thu xam lUdc. Do do, co the xem siic manh van hoa nha mot bi quyet thanh cong cua cach mang Viet Nam ma chinh ke thu cung phai den luc that bai mdi nhan ra dieu do nhu nguyen Bo trUdng Quoc phong My M acnam ara noi trong hoi ky cua minh. Khong chi trong chien dau ma ca trong xay dUng xa hoi mdi, van hoa cung co siic manh nhu vay. Xa hoi chu nghia co thUc sU la chu nghia xa hoi hien thUc hay khong trUdc het cung phai ke den yeu to' van hoa. Cho nen, khong phai ngau nhien co ngUdi noi dac trUng chu nghia xa hoi chinh la d van hoa. Neu thieu van hoa, chu nghia xa hoi khong nhiing khong chien thang dUdc chu nghia tu ban ma cung khong con la chu nghia xa hoi dich thUc nufa. Qua nhu Juquin. mot nha khoa hoc ngUdi Phap da noi trong tac pham Nhiing dieu til p h e binh: Nhin mot cach sd lUdc trong xa hoi Hy Lap cd dai, tinh noi bat la chinh tri, trong xa hoi trung cd, tinh noi bat la ton giao, trong xa hoi tu ban, tinh noi bat la kinh te. Phai chang co the khai niem chu nghia xa hoi la sU keo dai cua tinh noi bat do? Hay dung hdn la no phai dap ling mot tinh hdp ly khac. Tinh noi bat cua xa hoi xa hoi chu nghia khong chi la kinh te, ma con la van hoa1. Chinh vi co chiic nang 16n nhu vay, cho nen van hoa cung nhu con ngUdi khong chi la doi tUdng phuc vu hay doi tUdng cua cach m ang ma con la dong liic cua phat trien xa hoi. Tuy nhien, dieu nay cho den nhiing nam cuol the ky XX ngUdi ta mdi y thilc ro diidc. Van de dat ra la ai phuc vu, ai dem lai hanh phuc hay ddi song van hoa cung nhu tinh than cho con 1. Xem: P.Juquin: Nhitng dieu til phe binh, Nxb. Grosset, Pari, tr. 105. ngudi? Cau tra ldi that ddn gian, do chinh la con ngUdi va cung chinh la van hoa do con ngUdi tao ra. Vay ma trUdc day ngUdi ta cho r&ng thUdng de, chua trdi. dang toi cao. hoac mot ong vua thong minh co quyen luc nao do tao ra. That ra thi ch&ng phai ai khac ma chinh la moi con ngUdi gop siic lai tao ra dong hie phat trien van hoa cung dong thdi la dong liic phat trien xa hoi. Cai chan ly co ve ddn gian do da bi biet bao hoc thuyet triet hoc, biet bao thijf ton giao va ca cac giai cap thong tri da vo tinh hoac co y giai thlch sai lech di, khien cho nhiing con ngUdi binh thUdng nhieu khi cii tUdng minh nhd trdi, nhd thUdng de hoac nhd vao dang toi cao hoac mot sieu nhan nao do co quyen liic mang lai hanh phuc cho minh, cho song thi dUdc song, cho sung sUdng thi dUdc sung sUdng, hoac ngUdc lai bat chet thi phai chet, bat no le thi cii phai chiu so” kiep no le... Tat ca nhiing luan dieu gia doi do da dan d in dUdc lam sang to nhd chinh con ngUdi ngay cang co y thiic ro hdn ve ban than, trd nen thong minh hdn, dong thdi nhd nhiing don bay khac nhu nhiing hoc thuyet chan chinh mang lai cho con ngUdi anh sang de hieu chinh minh va kham pha ra the gicli xung quanh vo cung phong phu, da dang nhUng cung vo cung phiic tap. Do la chu nghia Mac - Lenin va doi vdi chung ta la ca tu tUdng Ho Chi Minh. Ban than Ho Chi Minh, de kham pha ra cai chan ly co ve ddn gian do cung phai trai qua mot qua trinh tim toi lau dai, gian kho, tu minh hoan thien ban than va tu minh kham pha ra cai the gidi day ray bat cong, cai the gidi bien con ngiidi thanh no le, thanh ke di ap biic va ngUdi bi ap biic, ke boc lot va ngUdi bi boc lot, ke thong tri va ngUdi bi tri, ke sang ngUdi hen, ke giau ngUdi ngheo... 16 Ngay nay. mac du nhieu bi mat cua cai the gidi da dang va phCrc tap do da dUdc kham pha, nhUng con ngUdi van chua thoat ra khoi vong no le, chang phai vi so phan ma chu yeu vi con ngUdi chua thUc sU thay het ban than minh, nhat la chUa tu giai phong minh hoac muon giai phong ma khong sao giai phong dUdc. Tom lai, ban than con ngUdi chUa tao ra siic manh de lien ket thanh mot lUc liidng de co the tu giai phong. Do la sU nghiep cua van hoa va cung la sU nghiep “trong ngUdi” hay xay dUng con ngUdi mdi nhu Ho Chi Minh doi hoi. Cho nen, khong phai ngau nhien ngay sau Cach mang Thang Tam vvfa thanh cong, Ho Chi Minh dat van de chong giac dot ngang hang vdi chong giac ddi va giac ngoai xam. NgUdi xem giac dot la dong minh cua giac ngoai xam. Giac ngoai xam dUa vao sU dot nat de ap biic, boc lot, bien con ngUdi thanh no le, bien dan toe ta thanh yeu kem. Dung nhu Ho Chi M inh noi: “Mot dan toe dot la mot dan toe yeu” va ke thu xam lUdc du d phUdng Bac hay phUdng Tay luon y thiic r5 dieu do, do do chung ra siic thUc hien nhiing chinh sach no dich, ngu dan lam cho dan toe ta cang it van hoa bao nhieu cang co ldi cho chung bay nhieu. Suot ddi minh, Ho Chi Minh khong chi dau tranh gianh doc lap cho dan toe, tu do cho nhan dan. NgUdi con kien tri phan dau khong met mdi cho muc tieu xay diing van hoa nham nang cao khong ngting trinh do dan tri cho nhan dan ta dong thdi ddi hoi Dang ta phai “la dao diic, la van minh” , cd nghia la phai cd siic manh van hoa de lanh dao nhan dan, bien mot xa hoi dot nat thanh mot xa hoi van minh nhu Ho Chi Minh noi. Ho Chi Minh con de ra muc tieu xay dUng “Ddi song mdi” , nhat la cham lo den sU nghiep “trong ngUdi” va xay dUng con ngUdi mdi, xem viec “boi dUdng the he cach mang cho ddi sau la mot viec rat quan trong va rat c in thiet” 1. Noi ve moi quan he giQa van hoa vdi xay diing con ngUdi mdi. NgUdi noi: “Xuc tien cong tac van hod de dao tao con ngUdi mdi va can bo mdi cho cong cuoc khang chien kien quoc. Phai triet de tay trijf moi di tich thuoc dia va anh hUdng no dich cua van hoa de quoc. Dong thdi, phat trien nhiing truyen thong tot dep cua van hoa dan toe va hap thu nhiing cai mdi cua van hoa tien bo the gidi, de xay dung mot nen van hoa Viet Nam co tinh chat dan toe, khoa hoc va dai chung”2. Khi noi den muc tieu xay diing van hoa trong giai doan qua do len chu nghia xa hoi d nUdc ta, Ho Chi Minh noi: “Chung ta dang d trong giai doan qua do len chu nghia xa hoi. Cuoc cach mang xa hoi chu nghia la mot cuoc bien doi kho khan nhat va sau sac nhat. Chung ta phai xay diing mot xa hoi hoan toan mdi xUa nay chUa tifng cd trong lich sii dan toe ta. Chung ta phai thay doi triet de nhiing nep song, thdi quen, y nghi va thanh kien cd goc re sau xa hang ngan nam. Chung ta phai thay doi quan he san xuat cu, xoa bo giai cap boc lot, xay diing quan he san xuat mdi khong cd boc lot ap btfc. Muon the chung ta phai d in dan bien nUdc ta tvf mot nUdc nong nghiep lac hau thanh mot nUdc cong nghiep. Chung ta phai dan dan tap the hoa nong nghiep... Chung ta phai bien mot nUdc dot nat, ciic kho thanh mot nude van hoa cao va ddi song tUdi vui hanh phuc”3. Nhiing y kien tren cua Ho Chi Minh ve muc tieu xay dUng chu nghia xa hoi d nUdc 1. Ho Chi Minh: Sdd, 1.12, tr.498. 2. Ho Chi' Minh: Sdd, t.6, tr.173. 3. Ho Chi Minh: Sdd, t.8, tr.493-494. 18 ta da the hien ro quan diem xem van hoa vua la muc tieu. viia la dong luc cua phat trien xa hoi. Xay dUng con ngudi phat trien toan dien. ttic con ngudi cd tai va cd ddc la mot dac diem noi dung thuoc ban chat cua phat trien van hoa. Cho nen. that kho tach bach van de phat trien van hoa vdi van de xav dung con ngudi. Song, de quan triet mot cach sau s ic hdn tu tUdng Ho Chi' Minh ve van de xay dUng con ngUdi mdi. ttic con ngudi phat trien toan dien hay con ngUdi xa hoi chu nghia nhu Ho Chi' Minh ddi hoi. chung ta tam tach hai van de nav thanh nhung linh vUc doc lap tUdng doi nham tim hieu chieu sau tU tudng Ho Chi' Minh ve van de phat trien van hoa cung nhu van de xay dUng con ngUdi. Tuy nhien, d day chung toi chi trinh bay rieng ve van de xay dUng con ngUdi phat trien toan dien, tam gac van de van hoa vdi y nghia la mot linh vUc khoa hoc doc lap sang mot ben. Dieu do hoan toan khong cd nghia la xem nhe van de van hoa trong xay dung con ngUdi phat trien toan dien, ma ngUdc lai chinh la vi thay van de van hoa qua rong, qua ldn. lai chua cd dieu kien nghien ciiu sau, cho nen chung toi chUa de cap d day. De thay ro quan diem cua Ho Chi Minh ve van de xay dUng con ngUdi phat trien toan dien, trUdc het can tim hieu tu tudng cua NgUdi ve ban chat con ngUdi noi chung. Ban chat con ngudi la mot van de philc tap, da dUdc de cap den tit rat lau, trong suot chieu dai lich sU phat trien cua triet hoc. cung la lich sU phat trien cua khoa hoc ve con ngudi. gan lien vdi cac hoc thuyet, cac ton giao. cac chu nghia, cac trUdng phai... 19 Day cung la mot van de da dUdc hoc thuyet Mac soi sang tren nhieu cong trinh khoa hoc trong qua trinh dau tranh, phe phan nhOng quan diem cua chu nghia duv tam va chu nghia duy vat may moc ve ban chat con ngUdi, nham thiet lap chu nghia duy vat bien chiing va chu nghia duy vat lich svi, la hat nhan cd ban cua hoc thuyet triet hoc macxit. Ci day, dUdng nhien. chung toi khong co y dinh va cung khong co dieu kien ban sau ve van de ban chat con ngUdi ma chi can cii vao nhiing quan diem ve con ngUdi da dUdc hoc thuyet Mac k h in g dinh tren cd sd phu dinh nhiing quan diem co trUdc, de trinh bay van de xay diing con ngUdi mdi, tiic con ngUdi phat trien toan dien hay con goi la con ngUdi xa hoi chu nghia theo tu tUdng Ho Chi Minh. Tom lai, giCfa van hoa va con ngUdi co quan he rat hCfu cd den sU nghiep “trong ngUdi” va xay diing con ngUdi phat trien toan dien. Dung ra phai nghien ciiu dong thdi ca hai van de do nhu mot chinh the hCfu cd cua con ngUdi mdi phat trien toan dien. nhung d day chi noi den van de con ngUdi. Dieu do khong co nghia la khong noi den van hoa, bdi le trong thUc te cung khong the tach bach mot cach tuyet doi hai van de do nhu hai ngan rieng biet. Co dieu la, neu xem van hoa nhu mot linh vUc khoa hoc doc lap thi viec nghien ciiu no phai de cap den chieu sau cua ly luan va nhieu mat cua thUc tiln. De nghien ciiu linh vUc van hoa, du la van hoa trong tu tUdng Ho Chi Minh cung doi hoi sU cong phu hdn, ma dieu do thi chung toi chua co dieu kien. Sau day chung ta se di sau tim hieu ban chat cua con ngUdi noi chung, con ngUdi mdi noi rieng de tren cd sd do nghien ciiu ve con ngUdi phat trien toan dien trong xa hoi hien dai cua the ky XXI. 20 Chvfotag II T l/Q U A N DIEM CUA CHU NGHIA M AC - LENIN DEN T U T U O N G HO CHI MINH VE BAN CHAT CON NGUC)I Con ngUdi la mot sinh vat co tinh loai, la mot bo phan cua gidi tu nhien, co hoat dong sinh song co y thufc va chinh nhd hoat dong song co y thiic ay da phan biet triic tiep con ngUdi vdi hoat dong sinh song cua con vat. Cung chinh vi con ngUdi la mot sinh vat co y thiic. co tinh loai, cho nen ve ban chat hoat dong cua con ngUdi la hoat dong tu do. co kha nang tri thiic. Bang viec san xuat ra the gidi vat chat dong thdi co kha nang cai tao gidi tu nhien. cai tao xa hoi, con ngUdi to ra la mot sinh vat co tinh loai co y thCfc, nghia la coi nhiing ngUdi cung loai vdi minh nhu chinh ban than minh. Tif do, co the khang dinh, chi co d con ngUdi mdi co tinh nhan van, tinh dong loai, mdi co tinh cam, biet yeu thUdng, cam thong vdi dong loai. Do la mot dac tinh ban chat cua con ngUdi, xuat hien tu! khi hinh thanh con ngUdi. La mot sinh vat co tinh loai co y thtfc, con ngUdi khong chi san xuat vi nhu cau cua chinh minh ma ban than sU lao dong san xuat cung la mot nhu cau theo y nghia chan chinh cua no. Hdn the, con ngUdi co nhu cau sang tao theo quy luat cua cai dep. nghia la con ngUdi thlch nhin ngam ban than minh trong the gidi do m inh sang tao ra. Cho nen, neu co ai do tudc di nhiing san pham do con ngUdi sang tao ra thi cung co nghia la xem ngUdi sang tao ra vat pham do khong con la 21