DAI HOC QUOC GI.\ HA NQI
TRI/CING DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI & NHAN VAN
KHOA VAN HOC
CHU THIHONG LOAN
VAN DE TINH CHAT HIEN THlTC
VA CHU NGHIA HIEN THl/C TRONG
VAN HOC VIET NAM NLTA C U O I
THE KY XVIII - NLTA DAU THE KY XIX
(KHAO SAT QUA TRUYEN KIEV)
LUAN VAN THAC SI NGlT VAN
Chuyen nganh van hoc Viet Nam
Ma so: 5.04.33
Giao vien hirong dan: PGS.TS: Tran Nho Thin
DA; HOC Q u O C
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ihanh ly luan eo" han de danh gia g-ia tri cua \an hoc nghe ihual. .Mae.
Angghen da cd mot sir gap gd kha ly ihii khi n(')i \e uic dung nhan llurc cua
Ciic tieu lIuiN'et Anh xa Phap, Angghen eon nhan manh tam quan irons cua
10
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc.
nhirng 'Hfnh each dien hinh" trong "nhirng hoan canh dien hinh". Lenin thi cd
hang loai bai viet ve Tdnxtdi bgc 16 nhu'ng quan diem ly luan \c tfnh Dang,
tinh nhan dan va coi Tdnxtdi nhu la mot tam guang ciia each mang Nga
(5,tr204). Mao Trach Ddng thi neu cao "yeu cau" van chirang phai "vi edng
ndng binh, viel v6 cdng ndng binh". 0 Trung Qude dau thap ky 50 den cudi
thap ky 70 (ciia the ky XX) khau hieu luu hanh trong gidi van nghe la "\'an
nghe phiic vii chfnh tri", ''van nghe tdng thudc chfnh tri". Mai cudi thap ky 70,
xuat phat tir nhirng bai hgc thdi "van each" (Cach mang van hoa), dudi sir chi
dao ciia phuang cham "giai phdng tu tirdng, thuc sir can thi", de xuat viec tir
nay ve sau khdng nhac den nhirng khau hieu tren nfra ma ddi ihanh "xan nghe
phiic VII nhan dan, van nghe phiic vii XHCN" (45). Tai Viel Nam. Ho Chf
Minh trong dai hdi van hoa van nghe 1948 cung dan dd eae nhii sang uic:
"Van hoa nghe thuat la mgl mat Iran, anh chi em nghe si hi chicMi si tren mat
tran ay".
Chiins ta khdns phii nhan vai trd ciia nhan ihiic. eiins nhu nhan ihi'rc
luan trong cude song, nhung nghicMi ciiu van hgc coi nhan ihiic luan lii each
tiep can duy nhat lai la thieu sdt. Nhan thiic luan ludn dugc coi la c(y sd iriet
hgc ciia hgc thuyet Mac, ma rdng ap dung trong nghien ciiu van hgc, trd thanh
xuat phat diem eiia ly luan van hgc Macxit. Vii nhieu nam qua nd da trd thanh
ca sd iriet hgc duy nhat ciia ly luan van hgc. hinh thanh van nghe hgc nhan
Ihiic luan, my hgc nhan thiie luan. Nhu vay, trong sir phat tri&n hudng tdi da
dang hoa ciia quan niem van hgc. tat se khien nhan thire luan bi hoai nghi.
Tiep nhan phan anh luan nhu la "hdn da uing eiia My hoc Macxfl"
(2(),tr^3) irons nshien cfru van hoc xuat hien a nude la \i\o khoans nhfrns nam
60 - 70 cua the ky XX, cac nha nhien eiiu dong nhat chu nghia hien ihue \di
\iee phe phan hien thire. nham miie lieu lai dd che do xa hoi ap bi're hoe lot
theo chu irirang ciia each mang dan tgc dan chu.Tir da\ gi(')i nghien ciiu \an
hgc trung dai Viel Nam dac biet hi gidi "Kieu hoc" da \an clung pluro'ng phap
tiep can hien ihire chu nghia de danh gia Truyen Kien. Tham ehi co nhirng uic
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...
gia con coi "chii nghia hien thuc hay van hgc hien thuc tu nd la mot gia tri"
•(42). Cd mot thdi sir phan chia mgi hien tugng trong sudt lien irinh \an hgc
nhan loai thanh "hien thuc chii nghia" va "phi hien thuc chii nghia" da ed
nguy ca trd thanh quan niem phd bien. Su phan chia nay bat nguon tir quan
niem cho rang, chii nghia hien thuc la dinh cao nhat ciia van hgc. vay thi phai
chu'ng minh rang van hgc truyen thong nude ta cung da cd chii nghia hien thuc
rdi. Do dd mdi cd viec tim tdi ehii'ng minh Truyen Kieu eiing cd chu nghia
hien thuc. Mdi loat cac bai viet, cac cdng trinh nghien cii'u nii rac trong nhfrng
nam 60 - 70, tham chf sang ca nhung nam 80 ciia the ky XX, da di vao tim
hieu, van dung cac thao Uic khac nhau de di den ket luan cd chii nghia hien
thuc trong van hgc Viet Nam nira cudi the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX va
'trong 1 ruyen Kieu.
Nghien ciru Truyen Kieu theo lieu chf phan anh hien Ihirc dien ra lir sau
each mang ihang Tam 1945. Md dau la Hoai Thanh dat van de ve Quyen song
ciia con ngu'd'i trong Truyen Kieu (1949). Theo dng "cai chfnh cua nghe ihiuit
Nguyen Du la d chd da nhao nan lai, sang lao ra ca mot the gidi cd that va dng
ludn ludn nhan manh cho tfnh ed that nay: "Tii Ba, Ma Giam Sinh, Sd
Khanh... cai nhin ciia Nguyen Du khdng phai la cai nhin be ngoai. Nguyen Du
da nhin than tan trong rugt nhfrng eon ngudi ay. Han nfra Nguyt^n Du da sdng
han cude sdng ciia nhfrng con ngudi ay. Dang dieu. eir chi. ngdn ngfr eiia
nhfrng con ngirdi ay khdng cd tfnh chat cdp nhat chap va ma dfiu bieu hien
mot sir sdns ben irons" (13.tr80). Tir dd dns di den nhan dinh: "irons Truyen
KieiL NguycMi Du da \'e ra dugc cai hinh anh ciia moi xa hdi d ue, da dung len
dirge mgl nhan xat anh himg nd la giac mong thoal ly ciia nhfrng con ngirdi
mudn viran minh ra ngoai cai khudn khd phong kien \a mgl nhan xai than the
long dong. nd hi lieng oan hdn. lieng ken ihirang cua nhfrng eon ngirdi hi day
doa. bi sia\ \ o irons cai khudn phons kien" (13.lrK)5). Va dns dira ra mdi
each liep nhan "hgp ly" Nguyen Du xa Truyen Kieu trong iho'i dai ha\ gi(y lii
2
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...
"trong mat tran dan tgc thong nhat phai cd con ngirdi ay" xa "chiing la mdi
Nguyen Du vao hdi Lien Viet" (13.tr42).
Dang Thai Mai trong Dgc sac ciia vdn hoc co dien Viet Nam c/ua noi
.dung Truyen Kieu da de cap nhieu den cai ggi la "biit phap ui thuc" xa "linh
than ta thuc". Dang Thai Mai cd miic do han. dng liai y bdi Truyen Kieu hi tac
pham mugn cot truyen nen di tim chi tiet "chan that ciia xa hdi Viet Nam qua
tap tha dd cung la cau chuyen ma mang" hay viec "di tim hinh linh ciia xa hdi
Viet Nam" d day thi "tranh sao khdi Idi lap luan khien cudng. ep udng sir
thuc" (9,tr526). Tuy nhien khi di vao tim hie^u Truyen Kieu cd phan anh ft
nhieu gi xa hdi Viet Nam nira cudi the ky XVIll - nira dau the ky XIX hay
khdng, dng lai cho rang Nguyen Du da "trinh bay" dugc "bd mat thuc cua mgl
xa hdi", di den khang dinh dgc Truyen Kieu ciia Nguyen Du la xan nhin thay
"nhfrng mdi mau thufin eiia xa hdi phong kien tren con dudng phan hoa"
•(9,tr527). Ong nhan manh: "Ngdi biifui thuc ciia Nguydn Du cfing hel sue
trung thanh khi ui nhfrng canh sdng hang ngay ciia cac hang ngirdi trong xa
hdi. Biie canh cd Kieu sdng trong gia dinh em am ngay nwi cap ke la hien
thuc. Bao nhieu man canh trong may Ian gap gd gifra Kim Trgng va Kieu van
la hien thuc. Hien thuc khi thi si chop canh quan nha bat bd va xet eiia nha dan
lirang ihien. Hien thuc, tu the, Idi le, eir chi ciia Ma Giam Sinh cua mii Tii Ba
va tat Cii cude ddi cd Kieu trong sudt mirdi lam nam luu lac, "Thanh lau hai
lugt thanh y hai Ian", qua mgl iha\ gian liim le ciia Thiic Sinh. lam xa eiia Tir
Hai, xan la nhfrng canh hien thuc..." (9.tr529) xa theo dng ngudi dgc khi tiep
nhan Truyen Kieu nhan thay ca "tinh than ui thire" va "tinh than phe phan"
qua nhung hien thuc ay.
Ngirdi nghien ei'rii Truyen Kieu nhir mgl tac pham ihude xe phu'crng
phap sang Uic hien thire ehii nghia. ndi each khac ngirdi khang dinh thuc sir cd
mot chii nghia hien thuc trong Truyen Kieu. mot each cd he thdng la Le Dinh
K>' trong chuxen liuin Truyen Kieu \d chu w^hla hien thia < na \'.^nycn Du.
Mac dii dng eimg da dat dieu kien "chu nghia hien thuc cua Trnyen Kieu la
13
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chii nghia hien thuc...
mot chii nghia hien thuc trong hinh thai phat trien dau lien cua nd khi nd vira
thoal thai tir chu nghia quy pham, tir tfnh each dieu va udc le ciia my hgc
phong kien, tir xu hudng ly tudng hoa va chu nghia giao huan" (I6.tr 388).
1.2- Truyen Kieu vd chu nghia hien thuc ciia Nguyen Du Le Dinh Ky - Ljch sucac y kien danh gia.
Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien thu'c ciia Nguyen Du da ra ddi trong bdi
canh nghien cii'u van hgc trong quan he vdi hien thuc ddi sdng xa hdi theo
quan diem my hgc Maexft. Nghia la tac pham van hgc dugc nhin nhan nhu la
su phan anh ddi sdng xa hdi va bgc Id thai do ciia nha van ddi xdi hien ihire
dd. 6 chuyen luan nay Le Dinh Ky da quan tam den nhfrng van de tu ludng
chii quan eiia ngirdi sang tac: tu tirdng xa hdi, tu tudng nghe thuat ciia Nguyen
Du, iriet ly trong Truyen Kieu... ndi bat han ca la van de tim hieu phuang phap
sang lac eiia NguyCn Du trong Truyen Kieu. Lan lirgi khao sat co' sd' iw fiffhig
tham my ciia Truyen Kieu va van de dien hinh hod irong Truyen Kieu, rd rang
'dng mudn diing nhfrng cdng thiie eiia phuang phap sang Uic hien ihirc chu
nghia de nghien ciiii Truyen Kieu. Ong hirdng vao nghien ciiu cac nhan vat
trong Truyen Kieic va day la mot thanh edng ciia dng so xdi cac giai doan
Irirde Irong linh vire tim hieu nhan vat Truyen Kieu. Le Dinh Ky da phan ifch
Vii phat hien trong Truyen Kieu ed nhfrng nhan vat dugc mieu la bang "nhfrng
ngdn tir lay thang tir eugc sdng", do vay dng da di den ket luan "cd mgl xa hdi
'Truyen Kieir (16,lr284), xa hdi ay bat dau xdi bo may cai tri. lir ihang ban M
den ifMig dde Ho Ton HitMi va dang sau Ho Ton Hien lii ca mgl irieu dinh
phong kien thdi nat. Ong ghi nhan the lire cua dong lien irong Truyen Kieu
"the lire ciia dong tien da dugc Id cao mgl each true liep xa sau sac irons uic
pham ciia Nguxen Du. xa xe mat nay. Truyen Kieu xung dang duoc xap xep
x'ao nhfms sia tri \I dai nhat eiia nen xan hoe the sidf" ( I6.ir292j. Tux nhien
Le Dinh Kv khdns chii v rans su bdc Idi irons xa hdi xa the lire cua dons lien
14
^ Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...
khdng phai la dac thii rieng ciia nha nude phong kien. Ngoai ra dng da danh
han mot chuang de tim hieu Dien hinh hod theo hitdmg hien thifc chu nglua,
trong dd dng da van dung nhirng cdng thuc ciia chii nghia hien thire de xem
xet tac phalm nay va khang dinh "cd the ndi Truyen Kieu da dat tdi mgl chu
nghia hien thuc tam ly cao nhat trong nen van hgc dan tgc qua khii"
(I6,tr387). Khang dinh the song Le Dinh Ky lai khdng khdi lung King khi liep
can nhfrng yeu id udc le tugng trung trong tac pham, nhfrng quan niem, nhu'ng
each cam nhan xa hdi khdng gidng vdi each hieu, each cam nhan ciia chiing ta
.ngay nay va dng liet tat ca nhirng cai -khae dd vao nlulng rdng hiioc ciia my
hoc di((fng ttun. Tir day dng di vao phan tfch va coi nd nhu hi nhfrng han che
ciia NguyCn Du cung nhu ciia thdi dai dng, coi chii nghia hien thuc ciia
Nguyen Du "thieu nhat quan va day mau ihuSn" (16,tr389).
Ndi chung each tiep can van hgc theo hudng xa hdi hgc de dan cac nha
nghien cuu den be Uic, va dan den nhfrng nhan dinh mang tfnh chii quan. Cac
lac gia, dac biet la cac tac gia Idn hg ludn mang trong minh sir nhai qiuin
nhfrng thanh liru van hoa, van hgc ciia thdi ddi minh chu khdng gidng nhir
each danh gia ciia Le Dinh Ky "cac nha van qua khii thudng la mang nhfrng
mau thuiin Idn trong ngirdi va lac pham ciia hg cung phan anh linh irang mau
•lhuandd"(16,tr485).
Tuy nhien, phai ghi nhan Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien thifc cua
Nguyen Du la mot tac phalm dai, cdng phu trong dd Le Dinh Ky da dua tren
lieu ehf ciia chu nshia hien thuc de' danh sia. nhan dinh xe cac van de trong
Truyen Kieu. De khang dinh "Nguyen Du da birde xiio ngudng cua cua chu
nghia hien thuc", dng di viio md xe '^nhfrng mat lien bd trong lu liuyng xa hdi".
eiins nhu "nhfrns mat han che be tac eiia Nsuven Du". Ben canh viec ly giai
CO' SO" tu luons tham mv cua Nguxen Du. dns dims ban 2/3 duns luans ciia
cudn sach de ban xe xan de dien hinh hoa trong 'Truyen Kicu theo huVrng hien
thuc ehii nshla. Ons cho rans "\' thi're trims thanh xdi cude sdns da khien
Nsiivdn Du, xe ca ban da gifr dugc tfnh each khach quan, chan thuc cua su
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...
mieu ta". va "cd the ndi den mot chii nghia hien thuc cua NguycMi Du. nhirng
la mgl each cd dieu kien". Nhung mot mat dng cho Nguyin Du da cd y thuc
ve su khach quan trong mieu ta, mot mat dng nhan dinh nhan xai Kim Trgng
"tuy van chan thuc. nhung lai thieu mot cai gi nhu la gan cot xa xirang sdng".
dng lai tiep "Nguyen Du cung da sdp xep bd trf tat ca cho ddi liia dugc gap gd
gan bd nhau: tir can nha gan k6 cd ten la Lam Thuy chi chd dgi Kim Trgng
den thue, den chiee kim ihoa Thuy Kidu da may man danh rai - khdng phai rai
lam dat ma mac vao canh dao - va tham nshiem kfn cons cao tuirns cfms
khdng ngan can Kim Trgng nhat dirge". Tir nhan dinh dd dng di vao mgl ket
luan rat nude ddi: "a Truyen Kieu cd tinh hinh la: udc le ma van hon nhicMi
chan thuc van chii'a chan tinh tii va cam_ xiic" (16,tr406)
'Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien thu'c ciia Nguyen Du la mgl trong nhung
chuyen luan hay viet ve Truyen Kieu. Le Dinh Ky da tiep nhan lac pham nay
vdi mot sir Iran trgng va kha nang nhay ben ciia cam xiic, sac sao trong sir the
hien ngdn tir. Ong binh luan Truyen Kieu bang nhfrng cau chu rat tinh te de di
vao Idng ngudi dgc. vf dii nhu nhfrng doan:
"Sue mitnh eiia cau tha Kieu khdng phiii la d chd kham pha ra nhfrng
hinh tirgng ehira ai hinh dung nhfrng y nghl. ehua ai ngd tdi ma la cai linh din
tinh nguiri tham tham ma Nguydn Du dua vao cai nhin, cai nghe. cai nghl eiia
minh. vao mgl virng trang. mot ddng sudi. mot ngan dau. mgl licMig chim. mot
nson la. Den da irirde nsdi biit Nsuv(!n.Du eiins phai mem di irude nhfrns dau
khd ciia con ngirdi:
- Le ro'i tham dd to'chia ru tdm
- Ddu Id dd Cling ndt gan lo ngu'd'i...
Cling theo Idng ngiriii ma rao rue sa>' dam:
Tff phcn dd biet tuoi vdng. (16,trl70)
"Da I Da I Da .... Nguyen Du nhu keu len \o\ chiing ta: "Cude sdng Irdi
qua !". Khdng [^hai hi chuxen quan am iham thoal. chuxen ngira eha\ qua cua
sd. ma la cai biroe di nhir sir. nlur m(') diioe cua ihoi gian. eai dau \el cua no da
16
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...
han len tren nhirng hy vgng, chd mong, dau thuang. khd nhuc cua con ngm>i
va bang bae khap nai khap chdn" (16.trl71).
Doan viet vi ngdn tir Nguyen Du danh de mieu la mdi tinh Kim - Ki^u
'dng viet: "Truyen Ki6u la lieng reo vui khi hy vgng yeu duang trim la lieng
hat khai hoan ciia tinh yeu chien thang, la ban ai ca ciia tinh cam khi bi irac
trd, viii dap. Bang khuang riio rue, dat dao, nhd thuang. dgi chd khac khoai.
trai tim con ngudi da id rd quyen sdng ciia nd ma bao nhieu cam doan rang
huge cudi ciing cung khdng chdn viii bdp nghet dugc" (16,trl65).
Nhung cd the ndi diem dac sac nhat eiia Le Dinh Ky la "dng da van
dung mgl each nhuan nhuy6n cac khai niem ve tfnh each, ca tfnh. hoan eiinh.
chi liet de phan tfch tfnh loan ven sinh ddng eae nhan vat Truyen Kieu'^
(53,trl 8). Cho den nay chua cd ai viet ve dien hinh hoa eiia Truyen Kieu thii vi
nhu Le Dinh Ky, sau han 40 nam edng trinh ciia dng xuat hien. Nhfrng nhan
vat phan dien Tii Bii, Ma Giam Sinh. Sd Khanh... dugc dng xem xet. phan tfch
de cho thay day hi nhfrng nhan vat thuc sir dirge diic ket tir cude sdng llurc
phong phii, sdi ddng. Phan viet ve ly tudng thiim my ciia Nguyen Du qua nhan
vat Thuy Kieu cung cd nhung kham pha mdi. thii vj.
Tuy nhien, viec nha nghien ciru tim hieu phuang phap sang uic cua
NguycMi Du d Truyen Kieu trong tirang quan vdi phuang phap sang Uic ciia
ehii nghia hien thuc khien nhieu ngirdi chua ddng tinh, nhat la khi dng lay cac
nguyen Uic, lieu ehuain ciia ehii nghia hien thuc de xem xet cac phuang dien
sang Uic ciia Nguyen Du va Truyen Kieu - mot uic phalm van hgc trung dai
phuong Ddng (nhfrng ndi dung xa hdi. ndi dung phan anh, tfnh each xii hoan
canh dien hinh. nhfrng ehi lie! hien thue chu nghia. ngdn ngfr da dang phong
phii an khdp xdi sir that ddi sdng...). Cung chfnh viec van dung cac khai nieni
phirang phap sang lac hien thuc ehii nghia xao Truyen Kieu da lam cho lac gia
king uing. khi nhung nhan xai chfnh - nhan xat ehinh dien cua tac pham nhu
Thuy Kieu. Tir Hai, Kim Trgng dcu la nhfrng nhan vat numg dam tfnh chai
udc le. Ix lirdns hoa. Rdi cude chi cd nhfrns nhan vat phan i.\\cn la nhan xai
y-ill
C51-
Vifn de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...
hien thuc chii nghia, nhu Ma Giam Sinh. So Khanh. Tii Ba "mang nhieu net
lay thang tir eugc sdng". Thuc te cdng trinh ciia Le Dinh Ky cho thay eae
nguyen tac phan tfch hien thue chii nghia chi phii hgp vdi nhan xat phan dien
chiir khdng phii hgp vdi cac nhan vat chfnh dien. Day la mot thir thach Idn ddi
vdi phuang phap nghien cii'u nay khi dem ap dung cho van hgc trung dai. Do
'vay, mot mat Le Dinh Ky phat hien nhfrng yeu to dien hinh hod theo hu'o'ng
hien thifc chu nghTa nhung mat khac van nhan thay sir ton tai nhu'ng rdng huoc
ciia my hoc ducmg thcri. Qua nhirng nhan vat, nhfrng yeu to nghe thuat ining
khft vdi cdng thiic eiia ehii nghia hien thuc dng ghi nhan Nguyen Du hi mgl
tac gia lieu bieu ciia phuang phap sang lac hien thue ehii nghia. cdn nhfrng
nhan vat, yeu to nao khdng triing khft thi dng cho dd khdng chi la han che cua
NguyCn Du ma la han che chung eiia ea thdi dai Nguyen Du. Nhu vay, vd hinh
chung uic giii da diinh giii thap Nguyen Du va Truyen Kieic a day tu luirng cua
NguyCn Du cung nhvtTruyen Kieu bi nhin nhan nhu mgl khdi nuiu ihuan. tua
khdng dugc xem xet nhu mot ehinh the thdng nhat. Chfnh xi the tir khi i ruvcn
Kieu vd chii nghia hien thifc ciia Nguyen Du ra ddi den nay da c() khdng ft
nhfrng y kien trao ddi tranh luan xung quanh viin de niiy.
Nguy(!n Lgc khi di vao tim hieu lich sir van de nghien cfru 'Trnyen Kieu
khiing dinh nhfrng ddng gdp eiia Le Dinh Ky trong quii trinh nghien cfru mdi
dd hi nghien ciiu Truyen Kieu trong mdi tuang quan vdi phuang phiip sang tiic
ciia nha tha. Ons shi nhan "vdi nsdi biit sac sao eiia mdi nha phe binh" lir sdc
dd phuang phiip siing uic Le Dinh Ky da ed nhfrng "phai hien mdi" xe Truyen
Kieu ma gidi nghien ciiu ve Truyen Kieu giai doiin trudc "ehua cd". Nguxen
L(>c cdn chi ra dugc nhfrng ddng gdp diing ke ciia Le Dinh Ky xe ly iiahig
tham my ciia Nguyen Du irong Truyen Kieu, x'e mot so nhan vai Truyen Kieu
Cling nlur \e irici /v Truyen Kicu. Tir do dng di den ket luan "iruycn Kicu vd
chu nghia hien thifc cua Nguyen Du giiip ngucri dgc hieu sau ho'n nhfrng gui iri
doc diio ciia mot nhii tha ihien uii" (28.ir465). Dii khii gan giii \o\ quan diem
ciia Le Dinh Kv. nghia hi ciing chgn ciieh tiep can Truyen Kicu tu phuong
18
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc.
phap sang tac, tir nguyen idc dien hinh hoa nhung Nguyen Lgc nhiin dinh
"irong cdng trinh nghien eiiu ciia Le Dinh Ky tfnh he thdng khdng duoc chat
che. Va mac dii l Tran Dinh Hirou dii \em ,\et I rmen
19
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chii nghia hien thuc...
phap sang tiic, tir nguyen lac didn hinh hoa nhung Nguxen Lgc nhan dinh
"trong cdng trinh nghien ciru ciia Le Dinh Ky tfnh he thdng khdng dugc chiii
che. Va mac dii tac gia cd dung y giai quyei van de phuang phap siing uic cua
Nguyen Du trong Truyen Kieu nhung thanh cdng ciia dng \d\ la nhfrng kham
pha dgc dao ve Truyen Kieu tir gdc do phuang phiip sang tiic ehii ehua phai
nhCrng ket luan ve ban than phuang phap sang tiic trong Truyen
Kieir
(28.tr465). Ong cdn cho rang Le Dinh Ky da lay mot tieu chuan cd siin niio dd
.v6 chii nghia hien thuc d nude ngoai rdi dem ra "ddi chieu". "so sanh" xdi
Truyen Kieu ehii' d day tiic giii chua cd y thiic tim hieu chu nghia hien thuc
xuai phat lir quy luat van ddng ngi tai ciia van hgc dan toe de nghien ei'ru. Tuy
nhien biin than Nguyfin Lgc trong phiin viei ve dien hinh hod Truyen Kieu
Cling chia phuang phap sang uic ciia Nguyen Du ihanh ba Idi dien hinh hoa.
"ly tudng hoii". "dien hinh hoii eiia chii nghia hien thuc", "dien hinh hoa
truycm thdng theo ly tirdng hoa deii Idi dien hinh hoii ciia chii nghia hien thue"
(28,tr396) ciing la chua hgp ly.
Triin Dinh Hugu mac dii khdng dua ra nhfrng nhiin dinh eu the xe
Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien thifc cua Nguyen Du song liii ed nhfrng nhan
•dinh ehuns "NsuycMi Du da chon Kim Vdn Kieu truyen de dien Ndm liie la ed
tim dugc d trong dd cai ma dng mudn tim". Tran Dinh Hugu cho rang ciii ma
Nguyen Du tim dugc nhiii quyet khdng phai lii do hien thue d trong dd gidng
X'di hien thue xa hdi Viet Nam. bdi dng nhan thay tiic giii da luge bo di nhfrns
ehi tiet cu thd. ma theo nha Nho thi la dam xe ndi dung, nwm ra. kem irang
nha xe nghe thuiit. d mot mat niio dd dieu nay Icii "xa Ciii thue eiia van hgc".
Theo dns "Nsuven Du ird thiinh hieu diu. ihiiy ra nhfrng dieu dau ddn Idng
khdng phiii theo each ciia nhfrng nghe si hien thuc chii nghia xuiii phai lir thuc
te. di tim ciic mdi lien he xa hdi de phiit hien ra cai chan thuc. ciii ban chat, eai
dieni hinh trong thuc lai ed trudc mat. Ong quan Uim den thuc lai mdi iluie lai
"rdns ho'n iriiiVe nhimg hi mot thue lai iriru tuang ma dng goi la edi nguo'i la
(50,tr468). 0 phuang dien niiy cho thiiy Tran Dinh Hirou da xem \el Trnyen
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