Tài liệu Urban air management in south east asia noor zaitun haji yahaya

Urban Environmental Management and Air Quality in Less Developed Countries, Copenhagen, 2007. AIR POLLUTION MANAGEMENT IN SOUTH EAST ASIA. PREPAIRED BY : NOOR ZAITUN HAJI YAHAYA Institute for Transport Studies University of Leeds, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM. Email : [email protected] University Malaysia Terengganu,MALAYSIA [email protected] Clean Air Research: Dr Norazam Ramli (Univ Sains Malaysia) Associate Prof Syukri Urban Environmental Management and Air Quality in Less Developed Countries, Copenhagen, 2007. South East Asian 2020 Vision “…. clean and green ASEAN with fully Established mechanism for sustainable Development….” Area Population Density Countries Territories : : : : : 4,523,000 km² 568,300,000 126 per km² 11 12 ASEAN COUNTRIES : Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Urban Environmental Management and Air Quality in Less Developed Countries, Copenhagen, 2007. ASIAN COUNTRY SYNTHESIS Summary of Country/City Synthesis Report Across Asia Asian Development Bank Publication and The Clean Air Initiative for Asian, 2006 http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-70822.html Urban Environmental Management and Air Quality in Less Developed Countries, Copenhagen, 2007. Annual Average Ambient Concentrations of PM10 in Selected Asian Cities. 10 Indonesia Urban Environmental Management and Air Quality in Less Developed Countries, Copenhagen, 2007. SEA AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENYogyakarta,Indonesia 2006 summary. The recommendation: i. Reviewing ambient air quality standards and air pollution Indexes. ii. Developing roadmaps for fuel quality and vehicle emission standards for new vehicles iii. Addressing fuel quality for stationary sources. iv. Strengthening, developing and implementing strategies to control emissions from in-use vehicles. v. Strengthening environmentally sustainable transport policies and systems. vi. Promoting the use of clean alternative and renewable energy. vii. Supporting principles of the Aichi Statement. viii. Promoting Eco-housing Urban Environmental Management and Air Quality in Less Developed Countries, Copenhagen, 2007. The importance of effective and sustained approaches to improve urban air quality in Asian cities. • AQM based on sound science • AQM efforts at urban, national, regional and global levels should be increasingly coordinated. • Effective policies and programs to address the underlying causes for urban air pollution. • A co-benefits strategy combining and integrating urban air quality management and climate change mitigation and adaptation measures • Local and national governments, civil society, academe and the business sector should join forces in implementing air pollution prevention and control measures. Urban Environmental Management and Air Quality in Less Developed Countries, Copenhagen, 2007. ASEAN LINK. • http://www.serd.ait.ac.th/airpet/main_links.htm • http://www.arrpet.ait.ac.th/air/about.html • http://www.weather.gov.sg/wip/web/ASMC/Haz e_Information/Regional_Haze_Map • http://www.haze-online.or.id/ Urban Environmental Management and Air Quality in Less Developed Countries, Copenhagen, 2007. Some activities in South East Asia related Air Quality Management Asian countries three focal issues are addressed in this research project. They are: (1) monitoring for toxic and organic air pollutants, (2) appropriate air pollution control technologies, and (3) modelling tools for integrated air quality management. The proposed research is conducted jointly by the AIT and five National Research Institutions (NRI) from Asian developing countries China, India, Indonesia, Philippines and Vietnam. • http://www.serd.ait.ac.th/airpet/main_links.htm • http://www.arrpet.ait.ac.th/air/about.html Urban Environmental Management and Air Quality in Less Developed Countries, Copenhagen, 2007. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA (AN OVERVIEW) www.doe.gov.my . Urban Environmental Management and Air Quality in Less Developed Countries, Copenhagen, 2007. NATIONAL POLICY ON THE ENVIRONMENT The Green Strategies are : Education and Awareness • Effective management of natural resources and the environment • Integrated development planning and implementation • Prevention and control of pollution and environmental degradation • Strengthening administrative and institutional mechanisms • Proactive approach to regional and global environmental issues • Formulation and implementation of Action Plans Urban Environmental Management and Air Quality in Less Developed Countries, Copenhagen, 2007. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT Refers to all activities that are directed towards creating and maintaining clean air Urban Environmental Management and Air Quality in Less Developed Countries, Copenhagen, 2007. Malaysia Air Emission Load and Pollutant Sources (2004) Pollutant Overall emission load (tones) Traffic Industry Power Plants Others CO 1280164 98% 1% 1% - SO2 169796 7% 23% 57% 13% PM 29960 31% 23% 45% 1% NOx 305401 59% 31% 7% 3% Urban Environmental Management and Air Quality in Less Developed Countries, Copenhagen, 2007. URBAN AIR POLLUTION SOURCES Motor vehicles Urban Environmental Management and Air Quality in Less Developed Countries, Copenhagen, 2007. AIR POLLUTION SOURCES Stationary sources (industrial emissions) CLEAN AIR ACTION PLAN FOR MALAYSIA Urban Environmental Management and Air Quality in Less Developed Countries, Copenhagen, 2007. NINTH MALAYSIA PLAN (2006-2010) “A new Clean Air Action Plan will be developed and implemented to improve air quality”. Formulate Action Plans • The Focus on: ƒ Energy ƒ Transportation ƒ Industry ƒ Integration Of Clean Air Strategies into Land-use Planning ƒ Enforcement ƒ Public Awareness ƒ R&D ƒ Data base CLEAN AIR ACTION PLAN FOR MALAYSIA Urban Environmental Management and Air Quality in Less Developed Countries, Copenhagen, 2007. Reduce Emission Sector • • • From Transportation Review motor vehicles emission standard to adopt EURO 2 standard for diesel vehicles and EURO 3 for petrol vehicles Improve Fuel Quality –Proposed EURO 2M specification • Diesel: Sulphur content to be reduced from 3,000 ppm to 500 ppm ƒ Petrol : Sulphur content to be reduced from • 1,500 ppm to 500 ppm Implement effective public transportation system to achieve reduction in emission passenger per km, fuel consumption and emission per vehicle –km driven CLEAN AIR ACTION PLAN FOR MALAYSIA Urban Environmental Management and Air Quality in Less Developed Countries, Copenhagen, 2007. • • Reduce Emission From Industrial Sector ƒ Promote Cleaner Production (CP) through the concept of BAT, waste minimisation ƒ Implementation of 4R concept (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recovery) ƒ Using cleaner or alternative combustion fuel to ensure low emission such as natural gas, biodiesel and renewable energy ƒ Develop new regulation to control odour pollution ƒ Incorporate BAT concept in new Clean Air Regulation ƒ National Policy on Biofuel – use of ENVO Diesel (5% palm oil+ 95% diesel), palm methyl esther Public Awareness ƒ Enhance public awareness on the importance of improving air quality through public relation campaigns, brochures, special curriculum in schools, working with NGOs on air pollution issues Urban Environmental Management and Air Quality in Less Developed Countries, Copenhagen, 2007. CLEAN AIR ACTION PLAN FOR MALAYSIA • Integration Of Clean Air Strategies in Land-use Planning ƒ Integrated planning approach in project development such as EIA requirement to minimise air pollution ƒ Consideration of traffic planning includes the need for public transportation ƒ Adopt zero or control burning techniques in land development such as during land clearing and earthworks for development project and agricultural activities Urban Environmental Management and Air Quality in Less Developed Countries, Copenhagen, 2007. CLEAN AIR ACTION PLAN FOR MALAYSIA • Data base ƒ Improve National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring ¾ Improve current continuous monitoring network in terms of siting and technology of measurement ¾ Additional pollutants to be monitored ¾ Monitoring specific industries ¾ Trend analysis and air quality modelling ƒ Improve emission inventories ƒ Improve R&D program so as to support the formulation of effective measurement for air pollution control Urban Environmental Management and Air Quality in Less Developed Countries, Copenhagen, 2007. AIR QUALITY MONITORING National Air Quality Monitoring Network:- •Automatic and manual -51 automatic stations -19 manual stations •Located at strategic places ; residential, traffic and industrial area