Standard Data
Work and Time Studies
Vietnamese German University
Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert
2016
Standard data table "Shear steel sheet"
Locksmithery 51
Shear steel sheets of 1 bis 6 mm thickness with steel shears
Sheet circumference In mm
Time tg in minutes
<=500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
These times are determined based on the following processes
1. Place sheets from storage (distance 1,5m) on steel shears
2. Place sheets in steel shears and trigger shears
3. Put completed sheets on storage (distance 1,5m)
4. Dispose of waste and residues in waste bin (distance 1,5m)
Valid from 01.05.2013
Allowances: zer = 4%, zv=6%
Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 1
Standard data
Contents
Standard data
REFA standard program for determination of standard time
elements
Determination of intended use
Description of work processes
Determination of influencing factors
Determination of time values
Formula development
Provide standard time elements as process standards
Apply standard time elements
Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 2
Standard data
Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 3
Standard data
Walking 1 m
takes 2,5 sec
Walking 6 m
takes 15 sec
How long will it take to walk 3 m?
Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 4
Standard data
Purpose of standard data
Provide general time data for the planning of processes
Summarize processes or work systems which resemble each
other and realize the same or similar tasks, work procedures
and processes
Allow the establishment of accurate time standards prior to
actual production
Useful for
Estimating the cost of new products or work
Preparing offers
Subcontracting
Establishing standards for indirect labor
Fair and proven standards help alleviate labor–management
conflicts
REFA 2013
Salvendy 2001
Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 6
Standard data
Scope
Tabulated elemental standards, curves, alignment charts, and
tables
Allow the determination of a specific job without the use of a
timing device
Derived e.g. from time studies
Accurate and reliable
Standard data include
Process descriptions
Conditions for execution
Time data
REFA 2013
Salvendy 2001
Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 7
Standard data
Development of standard data
Determination from actual or normal times
Scope
Difficult to time and store all possible elements making up a
job
In practice the number of jobs for which standard data are
derived might be restricted
Reliability
Sufficient amount of accumulated or collected data on each
element
All the factors affecting a certain element must be taken into
consideration
Salvendy 2001
Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 8
Standard data
Software
Fundamental motion databases included in several software
systems
Software can select, retrieve, and modify the appropriate
motions or elements to generate a time standard
Well-filled databases, that cooperate with the planning and
controlling systems are base for an exact and fast time
management
Salvendy 2001
REFA 2013
Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 9
Standard data
Example of standard data table
Standard data table "Shear steel sheet"
Locksmithery 51
Shear steel sheets of 1 bis 6 mm thickness with steel shears
Sheet circumference In mm
Time tg in minutes
<=500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
These times are determined based on the following processes
1. Place sheets from storage (distance 1,5m) on steel shears
2. Place sheets in steel shears and trigger shears
3. Put completed sheets on storage (distance 1,5m)
4. Dispose of waste and residues in waste bin (distance 1,5m)
Valid from 01.05.2013
Allowances: zer = 4%, zv=6%
REFA 2013
Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 10
Standard data
Advantages of the standard data approach
Quick and reliable tool for methods and standards evaluation
Allows the determination of key factors
Allows the planning and control of processes
Use facilitates the work planning and makes it more
accurate
Results in more consistent standards among jobs,
departments, and plants
Use forces to think through the processes and thus can
provide early indications of improvement
Salvendy 2001
REFA 2013
Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 11
Standard data
Advantages of the standard data approach
Allows establishment of methods and determination of
standards prior to production:
The efficiencies of processes can be assessed and
compared before real implementation
Permits easy adjustment of time standards to accommodate
minor changes in method
For the same or similar processes with changing
workpieces, no new data need to be collected
Salvendy 2001
REFA 2013
Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 12
Standard data
Disadvantages
Significant costs for setting up, additional costs for
maintenance of the system
May require more skilled analysts for complex formulas
More difficult to explain to workers and supervisors
May result in significant inaccuracies if extended beyond the
scope of the data used in their development
Salvendy 2001
Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 13
REFA standard program for determination of standard time elements
1
Determination of intended use
Structuring of standard time sequences
2
Description of work processes
3
Determination of influencing factors
Recording of
actual times?
Yes
4
No
Determination of actual time values
4
5
PTS
Formula development
6
Provision of standard time elements as
process standards
7
Application of standard time elements
Comparing
Calculation
and estimating
REFA 2013
Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 14
Determination of intended use
Levels of detail
What kind of standard time elements
should be in the database of our
trolley factory?
Usage decides how detailed it should be broken down
The more refined the standard data element,
the broader is its range of application
the longer is the development time
If in doubt, always prefer a finer
breakdown: Combining fine into
densified blocks later is easier than
separation of too large ranges.
They should be divided fine enough,
that the effect of significant factors on
the time data can be analyzed
statistically.
REFA 2013
Salvendy 2001
Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 15
Determination of intended use
Levels of detail
Motion-level
E.g. reach, grasp, move, position, release
Smallest component range: from about 0.01 to 1 sec
Components from MTM, MODAPTS, or other PTS systems
Elemental level
E.g. get equipment, polish shoes, put equipment away
From about 1 to 1000 sec
Components from PTS systems or time study
Task-level
E.g. loading of truck, driving truck 200 km, unloading truck
Largest component times
Components from elemental combinations, time study,
work sampling, or employee activity logs
REFA 2013
Salvendy 2001
Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 16
Determination of intended use
Levels of detail
Motion level
Typical time range from 0.1 to 1 sec
Element
Reach
Grasp
Move
Position
Release, etc.
Element level
Typical time range 1 sec to 1000 sec
Element
Assemble bracket to unit
Get equipment
Polish a shoe
Put equipment away
Load carton on pallet
Pack box
1 TMU = 0,036 sec
Code
R10C
G4B
M10B
P1SE
RL1
Time, TMU
12,9
9,1
12,2
5,6
2
Time, sec
8
90
130
47
15
40
Konz 1990
Salvendy 2001
Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 17
Structuring of standard time sequences
Categorization
For a first rough categorization in producing enterprises or for
technology, the German classification of manufacturing
processes DIN 8580 can be used as guidance:
Prototyping
Forming
Cutting
Assembling
Coating
Change material property
The structure should be broken down further in a companyspecific way.
REFA 2013
Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 18
REFA standard program for determination of standard time elements
1
Determination of intended use
Structuring of standard time sequences
2
Description of work processes
3
Determination of influencing factors
Recording of
actual times?
Yes
4
No
Determination of actual time values
4
5
PTS
Formula development
6
Provision of standard time elements as
process standards
7
Application of standard time elements
Comparing
Calculation
and estimating
REFA 2013
Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 19
Description of work processes
Specifications for delimitation of standard time elements
Influencing factors
Reference amount,
here: one
Measured values
Standard data table "Shear steel sheet"
Locksmithery 51
Shear steel sheets of 1 bis 6 mm thickness with steel shears
Sheet circumference In mm
Time tg in minutes
<=500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
2
3
4
5
6
7
These times are determined based on the following processes
1. Place sheets from storage (distance 1,5m) on steel shears
2. Place sheets in steel shears and trigger shears
3. Put completed sheets on storage (distance 1,5m)
4. Dispose of waste and residues in waste bin (distance 1,5m)
Valid from 01.05.2013
8
9
10
11
12
Description of the task and
working conditions including
initial and final events
13
The work tasks can be taken
from work plans etc.
Allowances: zer = 4%, zv=6%
REFA 2013
Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 20
REFA standard program for determination of standard time elements
1
Determination of intended use
Structuring of standard time sequences
2
Description of work processes
3
Determination of influencing factors
Recording of
actual times?
Yes
4
No
Determination of actual time values
4
5
PTS
Formula development
6
Provision of standard time elements as
process standards
7
Application of standard time elements
Comparing
Calculation
and estimating
REFA 2013
Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 21
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