MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
AND TRANING
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
& RURAL DEVELOPMENT
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OFANIMAL SCIENCE
============
NGO THANH VINH
GROWTH, REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE,
MEAT PRODUCTION AND SOME SOLUTIONS
TO ENHANCE MEAT PRODUCTION OF
PHANRANG SHEEP
Major:
Animal production
ID:
62 62 01 05
SUMMARY OF PhD THESIS
HANOI, 2014
ii
The thesis was completed at: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
ANIMAL SCIENCE
Supervisors:
1. Associate Prof. Dinh Van Binh
2. Associate. Prof. Nguyen Kim Duong
Opponent 1: ..........................................................................
Opponent 2: ..........................................................................
Opponent 3: ..........................................................................
The thesis is submitted before the Thesis Examination Committee
(Institute Level) Meeting at the National Institute of Animal Science.
At
[Time] [Date]
[Month]
[Year]
Thesis can be found at:
1. National Library
2. Library of National Institute of Animal Science
iii
SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS
1. Ngo Thanh Vinh, Trinh Xuan Thanh, Đinh Van Binh, Pham Thi Thu
Thuy, Le Đinh Phung and Nguyen Kim Duong. 2013. Growth and
development of Phanrang sheep in Ninhthuan Province and Bavii districtHa Noi capital. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, National
Intitute of Animal Science, Issue 42, July 2013, pp: 9-12.
2. Ngo Thanh Vinh, Trinh Xuan Thanh, Đinh Van Binh, NguyEn Kim
DUOng.2013. Reproductive performance of Phanrang sheep in Ninhthuan
and Bavi and some factors affecting reproductive performance. Journal of
Animal Science and Technology, National Intitute of Animal Science,
Issue 42, July 2013, pp: 21-35.
1
Introduction
1. Background and retionale
Phan Rang sheep is a sheep breed, which were imported into our country
hundreds of years ago and most of them are kept in Phan Rang, Ninh Thuan
Province, South Central of Vietnam. Phan Rang is a hot area, the average
annual temperature is 270C-290C around the year and cold season is not so
common. Average rainfall in this area is very low, only 717mm/year, the
highest rainfall per year is 1300mm.
In recent years, the number of sheep in Vietnam has increased. Before
1975, total population was approximately 14000-15000 heads, in 2004 and
2012 these figures more than 47000 and 87743 heads, respectively
(Department of Livestock, 2012). The population of sheep in 2012 was
almost as two times as the population of sheep in 2004. Phan Rang sheep is
characterized by a small body size, low performance, good meat quality,
disease resistance. Phanrang sheep also gentle, can live well in hard
conditions and eat many kinds of feed available. Therefore, Phanrang sheep
still exists in this area and is widely adopted in small and medium sized
farms in Ninhthuan, Binhthuan Provinces. In the North of Vietnam, most of
Phanrang sheep is raised in Goat and Rabbit Research Center and small
holder farms in: former Hatay, Hanam, Ninhbinh, Phutho. So far, sheep
production in Northern provinces had been developing well because sheep
is easily managed.
It can be said that sheep production is the strengtheness of Ninhthuan
province, as it adapted well to the sunny, and dry climate year-round.
However, inbreeding of Phanrang sheep seemed to be high because of
uncontrolled mating for many years (Le Viet Ly, 1991; Doan Duc Vu,
2006; Dinh Van Binh, 2009). Inbreeding appeared to lead to a reduction in
growth, reproductive performance of sheep. over many generations
therefore it gave the risk of degeneration, fecundity, growth of sheep tended
to decrease (Le Viet Ly, 1991; Doan Duc Vu, 2006; Dinh Van Binh, 2009).
Therefore, implementation of ram rotation from one flock to another and
crossbreeding program to minimize inbreeding status and improve
performance would be a viable solution.
In order to have a holistic view of Phanrang sheep production and also to
complete a data base of Phanrang sheep for further development of sheep
farming, Phanrang sheep needs to be carrefully and fuly evaluated. For the
above purposes, a study on growth, reproductive performance, meat
production and some solutions to enhance meat production of Phanrang
sheep was undertaken.
2
2. Objective of study
- Evaluating growth, reproductive performance and meat production of
Phanrang sheep in Ninhthuan province and Bavi district, Hanoi Capital.
- Evaluating influence of rations on fattening performance of Phanrang
sheep.
- Evaluating potentials for increasing productivity of Phanrang sheep by
crossbreeding of Dorper rams with Phanrang ewes.
3. Scientific and practical values of study
3.1. Scientific values of study
Results of study partly contributed to a national data base on growth,
reproductive performance, meat production of Phanrang sheep in
Ninhthuan and Bavi and F1 crossbred sheep (Dorper x Phanrang) as well.
Results of study from thesis were valuable references for students,
post-graduated students, lecturers, researchers at universities and research
institutions.
3.2. Practical values of study
The thesis provided us with overall data on current situation of
Phanrang sheep and factors affacting growth, reproduction, meat quality of
Phanrang sheep.
The thesis also provided us with evident that crossbreeding of Dorper
rams with Phanrang ewes was an alternative to increase meat production of
sheep in Ninhthuan.
4. New contribution of the thesis
Although there have been some studies on sheep, this was the first time,
when growth, reproduction and meat production of Phanrang sheep in
Ninhthuan and Bavi and of F1 crossbred sheep (Dorper x Phanrang) as well
were systematically and logically studied
5. Structure of the thesis
The thesis included 153 papers, 5 chapters, 32 tables, 01 figure and 328
references, 2 scientific articles related to the thesis and appendixes.
Chapter 1: LITERATURE REVIEW
For more than 100 years, Phanrang sheep has been intergrated in mixed
farming systems of farmers. Phanrang sheep is a meat type sheep,
originated from tropical regions, where climatic condition is charaterised
by a high ambient temperature. Existence of Phanrang sheep indicate that
they adapt well to hot areas. Therefore, Phanrang sheep is a valuable
genetic resources, which need to be conserved and developed.
Growth of sheep depends considerably on age, weight, purity and sex. Each
different sheep breed has difference body weight at adult. Live weight at
birth is affected by litter size and weight of ewe at lambing (Gonzalez,
1972; Combellas et al., 1979).
Martinez, (1983) showed that there are relationship between birth weight
and development of body of sheep in next phase. According to Gatenby,
(1986) body weight at birth is one of the important factors, a newborn
3
heavier sheep is not from twin lambing or is delivered by a heavier ewe.
With a good feeding systems, newborn heavier sheep grow faster than a
newborn sheep with a normal live weight. As a result, live weight of
newborn heavier sheep is higher than that of others.
Live weight at birth has a significant effect on live weight at weaning, at 6
months and at slaughter (Khan and Bhat, 1981). According to LaesFettback and Peters, (1995); Petrovice et al. (2012) sheep with higher live
weight at birth has more opportunities to be survival. Growth of sheep in
the first phase of breastfeeding was affected by milk yield of ewe and
availability of feed resource in terms of quantity and quality.
Nutrition is also an important factor affecting reproductive performance of
sheep, especially before mating. Supplementation of nutrients to ewes
significantly increased ovulation rate (Branca et al., 2000). There are two
basic approaches to improve productivity of sheep. They are breed
selection, crossbreeding of local breed with exotic breeds and improvement
of environmental conditions, feeding management and quality of feeds
(David and Thomas, 2006). Crossing has been applied to maximize genetic
diversity of sheep. Crossing combines the desired traits in offsprings,
overcome weaknesses of a particular trait in ewe or rams breeds.
Chapter 2: MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study results reported in this thesis come from four experiments (Exp):
Exp. 1: Comparison of the growth of Phanrang sheep in Ninhthuan
province and Bavi district - Hanoi Capital.
Exp. 2: : Comparison of reproductive performance of Phanrang sheep in
Ninhthuan province and Bavi district - Hanoi Capital and some factors
affecting reproduction of Phanrang sheep.
Exp. 3: Influence of rations on fattening performance of Phanrang sheep.
Exp. 4: Investigation of growth and meat production of crossbred sheep
(Dorper x Phanrang) in Ninhthuan.
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Methods used for all experiments
- The Exp. 1 and 2 was conducted in sheep at different ages such as at birth;
3; 6; 9 and 12 months of age. Number of animals used at different ages in
Goat and Rabbit Research Centre in Bavi, Sontay and in Station for
Livestock Research and Technology Transferee in Ninhthuan were: 320;
301; 276; 252; 226 and 258; 216; 201; 176, 153 sheep, respectively.
Number of ewes used for our Exp. 1 and 2 in Bavi and Ninhthuan were 53
and 49, respectively. On average, ages at first mating of ewes in Bavi and
Ninhthuan were 8-9 and 7.5-9 months of age. Total litters observered in
Bavi and Ninhthuan was 209 (first litter: 53; second litter: 51; thirst litter
4
3: 50; fouth litter: 37; fifth and sixth litters: 18) and 215 (first litter: 49;
second litter: 48; thirst litter: 45; fouth litter 4: 39; fifth and sixth litters 5;6:
34 lứa0. Number of rams used for our Exp. 1 and 2 in Bavi and Ninhthuan
were 12 and 8, respectively.
- Feeding standard used in all study was Feeding standard for tropical sheep
of Kearl (1982) - University of Utah (USA).
- Feed was sampled and analyzed for chemical compositions according to
the Vietnam standards (TCVN) for animal feed.
2.2.2. Methods for four experiments.
Exp. 1: Comparison of the growth of Phanrang sheep in Ninhthuan
province and Bavi district - Hanoi Capital.
- Sheep was managed individually based on their information such as: birth
date, sire and dam.
- In Ninhthuan, sheep was grazed 6-7 hours per day and supplemented with
0.15 kg concentrate feed and 0.5-1 kg grass per day.
- In Bavi, sheep was grazed 2-3 hours per day and supplemented with 22.5 kg elephant grass and 0.15 kg concentrate feed per day.
In the case of raining days, sheep was housed in cages, and fed 5 kg forage
(3 meals per day), 2 kg concentrate (twice a day. Mineral blocks were
available at any time in pens. Water was given freely via a water nipple
system.
Sheep both in Ninhthuan and Bavi were dewormed and vaccinated
periodically.
- Measurements taken: Body weight, average daily gain, body size.
Exp. 2: Comparison of reproductive performance of Phanrang sheep in
Ninhthuan province and Bavi district - Hanoi Capital and some factors
affecting reproduction of Phanrang sheep.
- Management for sheep in this experiment was similar to that in Exp.1.
- Factors to be investigated in this experiment included influence of places
(Bavi, Ninhthuan), parties, rams, mating and lambing seasons on
reproductive performance of Phanrang sheep.
- Measurements taken: all parameters of reproduction of sheep was
recorded and calculated.
Exp. 3: Influence of rations on fattening performance of Phanrang sheep.
The Exp. 3 was conducted at Bavi Goat and Rabbit Research Center, Sơn
Tay, from March to May in 2013. The experiments 3 included 2
experiments called Exp. 3.1 and Exp. 3.2.
In Exp. 3.1 Fifteen male sheep, (initial weight: 15.2 to 15.7 kg, nearly 6
months of age) were used in a completely random arrangement with 3
treatments and 5 replications. Three treatments in this Exp. were three
5
rations with of 3 ratios of forage to concentrate (70:30 – treatment 1; 60:40:
treatment 2 and 50:50: treatment 3).
Sheep was fed individually and were adapted to the experimental rations
for 10 days before data collection.
Experiment 3.2 was designed similar to experiment 3. 1. However 15 male
sheep (initial weight: 18.3 to 18.5 kg, nearly 9 months of age) were used.
The layout of Exp. 3.1 and 3.2 was presented in Tables 2.1 and 2.2.
Table 2.1 Layout of experiment. 3.1
Forage to concentrate (%)
Parameters
Number of animals (head)
Initial age (Months)
Initial weight (kg)
Adaptation period (day)
Experimental period (week)
70-30
5
5,7
15,7
10
8
60:40
5
5,9
15,63
10
8
50:50
5
5,9
15,23
10
8
Table 2.2: Layout of experiment 3.1
Forage to concentrate (%)
Parameters
70-30
5
8,5
19,1
10
8
Number of animals (head)
Initial age (Months)
Initial weight (kg)
Adaptation period (day)
Experimental period (week)
60:40
5
8,5
19,05
10
8
50:50
5
8,3
18,93
10
8
Concentrate feed was made from different ingredients and its ingredients,
chemical composition and nutritive value were presented in table 2.3.
Elephant grass used in experiment was cut at 40-45 days old. The grass was
finely chopped (1-3cm long) for easily mixing with concentrate feed.
Before feeding to animals, chopped elephant grass and concentrate was
carefully mixed according to layout of each treatments based on DM (%).
Table 2.3. Ingredients, chemical composition and nutritive value of
concentrate feed and elephant grass
Chemical composition
Ingredient of
Mixing rate % and nutritive value of
Value
concentrate feed
Corn flour
Cassava chip
Soybean meal
Molassaes
30
30
7,5
5
concentrate feed
VCK (%)
CP (%)
Ash (%)
NDF (%)
11.99
11.51
0.735
71.36
6
Brewer
Mineral , vitamins
Salt
6,5
0,5
0,5
ADF (%)
ME (MJ/kg DM)
41.62
9.11
Elephant grass
CP (%)88.31
DM (%) (cỏ voi)
ME (MJ/kg DM)
10.66
10.66
Nutritive value of rations for each treatment was presented in Table 2.4.
Table 2.4. Nutritive value of rations for each treatment
Forage to concentrate (%)
Parametters
70-30
60:40
50:50
CP (%)34.9
DM (%)
ME (MJ/DM)
11.3
11.2
11.1
9.6
9.7
9.9
Measurements taken:
Feed offered and refused was individually recorded daily for calculation of
feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Body weight of animals was
determined at the beginning of experiment and at fours week intervals by
using scale. At the finishing point of experiments (3.1 and 3.2.) three sheep
for each treatment were slaughtered to determine meat production (carcass
components. Meat quality parameters such as pH value of loin and
semicircle muscles, meat color in semicircle muscle at 24 hours after
slaughter were determined using a pH meter Star (Germany) with 5
repeatations for each sample, Minolta color meter CR-410 (Japan) with 5
repetitions. Tenderness of meat was also determined using Warner Bratzler
machine 2000D (USA) with 5 repetitions. After steaming by Memmert
Waterbath at temperature 75°C for 60 minutes, sample weight change after
processing was determined.
Exp. 4: Investigation of growth and meat production of crossbred sheep
(Dorper x Phanrang) in Ninhthuan.
Number of F1 crossbred sheep (Dorper x Phanrang) in Ninhthuan farm used
for this experiment was 130; 110; 86; 64 and 42 heads for different ages: at
birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age, respectively. Data collection was from
1/2009 to 12/2012. Mating program include 63 Phan Rang ewes and 4
Dorper rams. Sheep was grazed for 6-7 hours/day and fed in houses 0.2 kg
concentrate and 0.7 to 1.2 kg grass/day. In the case of raning weather,
7
sheep were housed in barns and fed on rations containing 6 kg of forages (3
meals/day) and 0.25 concentrate kg/head/day .
Measurements taken were similar to experiments 1 and 2. Meat production
ans quality were determined similar to experiment 3.
2.2.3. Data analysis
Data obtained in Exp.1, 2 and 4 were statistically analysed using
descriptive statistics procedures with Minitab software 16.0 (2010). Means
was compared using a paired test procedure also with Minitab software
16.0 (2010).
Data obtained in Exp.3 were statistically analysed using GLM (General
Linear Model) procedures with Minitab software 16.0 (2010). Difference
in treatmen means was analysed using Tukey's method.
Chapter 3: RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Live weight and body size at birth to 12 month ages of Phanrang
sheep in Ninhthuan and Bavi
Chest girth was the most important indicator related to the growth of
animals. There was a difference in chest girth of sheep in Ninhthuan and
Bavi at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age (P <0.05). Chest girth of sheep in
Ninhthuan was longer than that of sheep in Bavi. However, live weight at
different ages in two places did not differ (P>0.05). Chest girth and live
weight of sheep of our result was similar to these of sheep in Philippine.
Faylon, (1989) indicated that live weight of sheep could be predicted by
using chest girth, cross body length and whither height of sheep. However,
the most used parameter in predicting live weight of sheep was the chest
girth (Benyi, 1997).
Table 3.1. Live weight, chest girth, cross body length and whither height at
birth – 12 months of Phanrang sheep in Ninhthuan and Bavi
Age
Parameter
n (head)
Live weight (kg)
n (head)
Live weight (kg)
Chest girth (cm)
3 months
Cross body length
(cm)
Whither height (cm)
6 months n (head)
Live weight (kg)
Chest girth (cm)
At birth
Bavi
(Mean ± SE)
320
2.32 ± 0.016
301
12.43± 0.083
58.77a ±0.127
Ninhthuan
(Mean ± SE)
258
2.41 ± 0.085
216
12.65 ± 0.098
59.27b ± 0.149
Both places
(Mean ± SE)
578
2.36 ± 0.039
517
12.52 ± 0.063
58.98 ± 0.097
0.212
56.83 ±0.137
57.18 ± 0.162
56.97 ± 0.105
0.101
53.89 ± 0.117
477
17.22 ± 0.058
62.59 ± 0.111
0.008
a
54.16 ±0.152
276
17.17 ±0.767
62.17a ±0.143
b
53.53 ± 0.179
201
17.29 ± 0.089
63.17b ± 0.168
P
0.080
0.012
0.323
0.000
8
Cross body length
60.19 ±0.137
60.43 ± 0.160
60.29 ± 0.104
(cm)
Whither height (cm)
56.99 ±0.141
57.36 ± 0.165
57.15 ± 0.107
n (head)
252
176
428
Live weight (kg)
22.10 ±0.122
22.47 ± 0.146
22.25 ± 0.094
Chest girth (cm)
66.79a ±0.153 68.13b ± 0.182
67.34 ± 0.121
9months
Cross body length
62.99 ±0.117
63.16 ± 0.140
63.06 ± 0.090
(cm)
Whither height (cm)
59.55 ±0.128
59.83 ± 0.153
59.66 ± 0.098
n (head)
226
153
379
Live weight (kg)
27.45 ±0.193
27.17 ± 0.234
27.33 ± 0.149
12 Chest girth (cm)
72.02a ±0.245 73.41b ± 0.298
72.58 ± 0.192
months Cross body length
66.43 ±0.168
66.12 ± 0.204
66.31 ± 0.130
(cm)
a
b
Whither height (cm) 62.61 ±0.150 63.24 ± 0.182
62.86 ± 0.117
Note: a, b, means within row with different superscripts differ significantly (P<0.05).
0.256
0.089
0.054
0.000
0.335
0.159
0.361
0.000
0.233
0.008
3.2. Live weight of Phanrang sheep at different ages
The result in Table 3.2 showed that live weight at birth of Phanrang
sheep in Bavi and Ninhthuan was 2.32 and 2.41kg, respectively. These
figures was in the range of live weight at birth of Phanrang sheep reported
by Le Viet Ly et al. (1994), Đoan Đuc Vu, (2006) in Ninhthuan, Đinh Van
Binh, Nguyen Kim Lin, (2007) in Bavi. Live weight of male and female
lamb from 3 to 12 months of age was different. Male lambs were heavier
than female lambs. A similar trend was also observed by Le Viet Ly
(1994), Đinh Van Binh and Ngo Thanh Vinh, (2010).
Table 3.2: Live weight of Phanrang at different ages (kg)
Age
3 months
6months
9months
12 months
n (head)
150
142
136
125
Bavì
12.96±0.118
Mean ± SE 2.37±0.023
23.23±0.142 29.76a±0.156
17.73±0.111
Ninh
n (head)
120
105
101
91
80
Male
thuan
Mean ± SE 2.39±0.019 13.10±0.133 17.98±0.103 23.52±0.148 29.19b±0.177
Both
n (head)
279
255
243
227
205
places Mean ± SE 2.38±0.016 13.02±0.089 17.83±0.078 23.34±0.104 29.53±0.119
P
0.489
0.426
0.126
0.172
0.019
n (head)
161
151
134
116
101
Bavì
Mean ± SE 2.26±0.012 11.90a±0.108 16.57±0.081 20.79a ±0.125 24.59±0.144
Ninh
n (head)
138
111
100
85
73
Female thuan Mean ± SE 2.33±0.159 12.23b±0.122 16.59±0.105 21.34b±0.187 24.96±0.196
Both
n (head)
299
262
234
201
174
places Mean ± SE 2.34±0.074 12.04±0.081 16.58±0.065 21.02±0.109 24.74±0.117
P
0.250
0.045
0.887
0.010
0.120
Note: a, b, means within columns with different superscripts different significantly (P<0.05).
Sex
Place
Parameter
At birth
159
9
It seemed that live weight of male lambs at 12 months of age in Bavi was
lower than that of male lambs in Ninhthuan (29.19 vs.29.76kg) (P<0.05).
However, there was no deference in live weight of female lambs at 12
months of age. This result was similar to works of Dinh Van Binh and Ngo
Thanh Vinh, (2010).
3.3. Average daily gain of Phanrang sheep in Bavi and Ninhthuan
Daily gain of Phanrang sheep from birth to 3 months of age was the highest
(male: 118.14 and female: 107.74g/ head/day, on average). From 3 months
of age to 12 months of age, average daily gain of sheep gradually reduced
both in male and female sheep. Daily gain of Phanrang sheep from 9 to 12
months of age was the lowest. As normal, average daily gain of male sheep
was higher than that of female ones. It seemed that average daily gain
(ADG) of male sheep in Bavi was significantly higher than that in
Ninhthuan. The reason for this difference may be due to feeding
management. The finding was similar to works reported by Hoang The Nha
(2003); Dinh Van Binh and Ngo Thanh Vinh, (2010).
Table 3.3a ADG of Phanrang sheep in Bavi and Ninhthuan (g/head/day)
Age
Sex Place Parameter From birth - 3
3-6
6- 9
9-12
months
months
Months
months
n (head)
Mean ± SE
n (head)
Ninhthuan
Male
Mean ± SE
n (head)
Both
places Mean ± SE
Bavi
P
n (head)
Bavi
Mean ± SE
n (head)
FemaleNinhthuan
Mean ± SE
n (head)
Both
places Mean ± SE
P
150
117.63± 1.26
105
118.88 ± 1.46
255
118.14 ± 0.95
0.520
151
107.08 ± 1.14
111
108.64 ± 2.57
262
107.74 ± 1.27
0.544
142
52.34 ± 1.71
101
53.86 ± 1.92
243
52.97± 1.28
0.558
134
51.92 ± 1.64
100
48.01± 1.88
234
50.25 ± 1.24
0.118
136
59.62 ± 2.0
91
59.67± 1.88
227
59.64 ± 1.41
0.987
116
44.59 ± 1.69
85
49.03± 2.39
201
46.47± 1.41
0.120
125
81.8a ± 2.68
80
72.04b ± 2.84
205
77.99 ± 2.00
0.017
101
27.74 ± 2.54
73
26.64 ± 3.07
174
27.28 ± 1.95
0.780
Note: a, b, Means within same columns with different superscripts different significantly
(P<0.05).
ADG of sheep of both sexes in two places followed the rule of growth of
sheep. ADG increased from birth – 3 month of ages, then reduced
afterward. ADG of male sheep from birth to 12 months of ages was always
higher than that of female sheep.
10
Our findings were consistent with findings of several works done on
tropical sheep (Abdul Wahid, 1989; El-Fadili et al., 2003; Berhanu Bela
and Aynalem Haile, 2011; Lavvaf Noshari and Farahvash, 2012).
Table 3.3b: Relative growth rate of Phanrang sheep in Bavi and
Ninhthuan (%)
Age (month)
At birth -3
3-6
6- 9
9-12
months
months
months
months
n (head)
150
142
136
125
Bavì
Mean ± SE 34.47 ± 0.15
7.71 ± 0.26
6.51 ± 0.21 7.09a ± 0.24
n (head)
105
101
91
80
Ninhthuan
Male
Mean ± SE 34.41 ± 0.16
7.86 ± 0.30
6.42 ± 0.19 6.28b ± 0.26
Both
n (head)
255
243
227
205
places
Mean ± SE 34.45 ± 0.11
7.77 ± 0.19
6.46 ± 0.15
6.77 ± 0.18
P
0.811
0.703
0.774
0.025
n (head)
151
134
116
101
Bavì
Mean ± SE 33.95 ± 0.14
8.29 ± 0.28
5.31 ± 0.20
2.73 ± 0.25
Femal
n (head)
111
100
85
73
Ninhthuan
e
Mean ± SE 33.89 ± 0.49
7.55 ± 0.30
5.70 ± 0.26
2.55 ± 0.30
Both
n (head)
262
234
201
174
places
Mean ± SE 33.93 ± 0.22
7.97 ± 0.20
5.48 ± 0.16
2.65 ± 0.19
P
0.905
0.072
0.223
0.654
Note: a, b, Means within same columns with different superscripts different significantly
(P<0.05).
Sex
Place
Parameter
The result in table 3.3b showed that like ADG, relative growth rate of
Phanrang sheep of both sexes in Bavi and Ninhthuan increased from birth
to 3 months, then decreased afterward. Relative growth rate of Phanrang
male sheep was higher than that of female sheep.
Our results of live weight and relative growth rate of Phanrang male sheep
were similar to these from local tropical sheep from tropical countries such
as Ethiopia, Philippines, Indian, Asian (Pradhan,1989; Dvendra and Faylon,
1989; Tibbo et al., 2006; Berhanu Bela and Aynalem Haile, 2011).
3.4. Index of body structure of Phanrang sheep
The result in table 3.4 showed that at 3 age months, indexes of body
structure of Phan rang sheep in two places were significantly (P<0.05).
BLI, BRI, BWL of male sheep in Ninhthuan at 6, 9 months of age were
higher than these of male sheep in Bavi P<0,05). It seemed that grazing
systems may be a factor for these differences in indexes of body structure.
At 9- 12 age months, there was a difference in BRI of female sheep in Bavì
and Ninhthuan (P<0,05).
11
However, BLI and BWI of sheep in Bavi and Ninhthuan were not
significantly different.
Table 3.4: Index of body structure of Phanrang sheep in Bavi and Ninhthuan
Age
(month)
Index
Parameter
Bavì
Ninhthuan
Both places
P
Male
150
105
255
101.71a ± 0.32
103.40b ± 0.42
102.40± 0.26
0.001
3
Mean ± SE
104.24a ± 0.34
106.93b ± 0.46
105.35 ± 0.29
0.000
105.93a ± 0.33
110.49b ± 0.51
107.81 ± 0.32
0.000
127
116
243
102.69a ± 0.40
104.31b ± 0.43
103.46 ± 0.30
0.006
6
Mean ± SE
104.92 ± 0.32
105.86 ± 0.41
105.37 ± 0.26
0.067
107.64a ± 0.34
110.35b ± 0.48
108.93 0.30
0.000
96
131
227
107.07a ± 0.40
108.29b ± 0.34
107.78 ± 0.26
0.019
9
Mean ± SE
105.36 ± 0.40
105.37 ± 0.36
105.36 ± 0.27
0.098
112.72a ± 0.41
114.03b ± 0.38
113.48 ±0.28
0.023
67
138
205
108.96a ± 0.53
111.91b ± 0.40
110.95 ± 0.34
0.000
12
Mean ± SE
107.24a ± 0.47
104.87b ± 0.32
105.65 ± 0.28
0.000
116.79 ± 0.59
117.27 ± 0.37
117.11 ± 0.32
0.480
Female
n (head)
151
111
262
BLI
105.45a ± 0.41
104.08b ± 0.49
104.87 ± 0.32
0.032
3
BRI
Mean ± SE
105.87 ± 0.38
106.97 ± 0.48
106.34 ± 0.30
0.070
BWI
111.53 ± 0.42
111.22 ± 0.55
111.40 ± 0.33
0. 645
n (head)
134
100
234
BLI
104.08 ± 0.39
104.81 ± 0.47
104.39 ± 0.30
0.230
6
BRI
Mean ± SE
106.44a ± 0.38
105.05b ± 0.53
105.85 ± 0.32
0.032
BWI
110.70 ± 0.45
110.01 ± 0.59
110.40 ± 0.36
0.340
No
n (head)
116
85
201
BLI
105.05a ± 0.35
106.79b ± 0.54
105.79 ± 0.31
0.005
9
BRI
Mean ± SE
106.69 ± 0.41
105.73 ± 0.50
106.28 ± 0.32
0.134
BWI
112.01 ± 0.44
112.82 ± 0.62
112.36 ± 0.37
0.274
n (head)
96
78
174
BLI
107.05a ± 0.44
108.71b ± 0.48
107.79 ± 0.33
0.012
12
BRI
Mean ± SE
105.70 ± 0.46
105.12 ± 0.51
105.44 ± 0.34
0.403
BWI
113.05 ± 0.46
114.22 ± 0.62
113.58 ± 0.38
0.124
Note: BLI: Body length index, BRI: body round index,BWI:body weigh index, a, b, means
within rows with different superscripts differ significantly (P<0.05).
n (head)
BLI
BRI
BWI
n (head)
BLI
BRI
BWI
n (head)
BLI
BRI
BWI
n (head)
BLI
BRI
BWI
3.5. Reproductive performance of Phanrang sheep in Bavi and
Ninhthuan
Results in Table 3.5 indicated that there were some differences in
reproductive performance of Phanrang sheep in two places. First estrus,
first mating of Phanrang ewes in Ninhthuan were earlier than these of
12
Phanrang ewes in Bavi. It also found out that post parturition estrus (day)
of Phanrang ewes in Bavi was shorter than that of Phanrang ewes in
Ninhthuan (P<0.05).
Live weight at first mating, number of weaner/liter and weaning rate of
ewes in Ninhthuan were lower than these of ewes in Bavi. Our results were
similar to works reported by Đinh Van Binh and Ngo Thanh Vinh, (2010);
Kumaravelu Saravana Pandian, (2012); Abegaz et al. (2002) in Indian
sheep reared in South and West – North. Pelletier et al. (1987) found that
pregnancy rate and litter size of ewes were influenced by several factors.
The differences in season, feeding regime, herd management and day
length in Ninhthuan and Bavi were main factors explaining the differences
in reproductive performance of Phanrang sheep in Bavi and Ninhthuan.
Table 3.5: Reproductive performance of Phanrang sheep in Bavi and
Ninhthuan
Indicators
Ninhthuan
(n = 48)
(Mean ± SE)
226.6b± 4.45
271.8b± 5.92
149.6a± 0.25
451.3 ± 8.88
101.5b± 0.78
264.8 ± 1.53
18.7b ± 0.21
24.3 ± 0.30
1.22 ± 0.030
1.22 ± 0.044
1.22 ± 0.045
Bavì
(n=53)
(Mean± SE)
245.4a± 4.23
301.9a± 5.64
148.3b± 0.14
466.8± 8.45
113.5a± 0.74
268.5 ± 1.45
20.0a± 0.20
24.7 ± 0.29
1.2 ± 0.027
1.3 ± 0.039
1.2 ± 0.041
Both places
(n=101)
(Mean± SE)
236.5± 3.19
287.6± 4.33
148.9± 0.16
459.4± 6.14
107.9± 0.79
266.8± 1.06
19.4 ± 0.15
24.5 ± 0.21
1.2 ± 0.019
1.2 ± 0.028
1.2 ± 0.030
P
Age of first estrus (day)
0.003
Age of first mating (day)
0.000
Gestation length time (day)
0.000
Age at first lambing (day)
0.209
Post parturition estrus (day)
0.000
Lambing intervals ( day)
0.081
Live weight at first mating (kg)
0.000
Live weight of first lambing (kg)
0.363
Litter size (head)
0.445
No of male lamb (99 heads)
0.203
No of female lamb (96 heads)
0.662
Live weight of female lamb
2.30 ± 0.027
2.30± 0.025 2.30± 0.018 0.537
(kg; 94 head)
Live weight of male lamb
2.40 ± 0.029
2.40± 0.026 2.40± 0.018 0.994
(kg; 98 head)
b
No of weaners (head)
1.04 ± 0.029
1.2a± 0.027
1.1 ± 0.019
0.003
Weaning percentage (%)
87.15b± 1.44
96.1a± 1.30
91.5 ± 1.05
0.000
Weaning weight (kg)
12.66± .118
12.4± 0.107 12.5± 0.077 0.125
Weaning weight of male lamb (kg; 98
13.04±0.189 12.77±0.175 12.9± 0.121 0.309
heads)
Weight weaning of female lamb (kg;
12.80±0.152
13.0± 0.141 12.1± 0.103 0.106
94 heads)
a
Litter/ year
1.4 ± 0.01
1.4a ± 0.01
1.4 ± 0.005
0.043
a, b,
Note:
means with same row with different superscripts different significantly (P<0.05).
3.5.1. Some factors affecting reproductive performance of Phanrang
sheep in Ninhthuan and Bavi.
13
Table 3.6 showed that ram did not influence all parameters related to
reproductive performance of ewes in Ninhthuan and Bavi. It was found out
that post parturition heat (day) and lambing rate were significantly
influences by rams used.
Table 3.6: Effect of ram on reproductive performance of ewes in Ninhthuan
and Bavi
Parameter
Ninhthuận
(n=8 đực)
(Mean ± SE)
Post parturition heat (day)
1.2 ± 0.031.2 ±
0.020.670Lambing intervals
(day)
No of male lamb (head)1.2
± 0.03
No of lamb (head)
No of weaner (head)
Weaning rate (%)
Live weight at birth (kg)
Live weight at weaning (kg)
Litter/ year
Bavì
(n=12 đực)
(Mean ± SE)
Both places
(n=20)
(Mean ± SE)
P
101.9b ± 1.45
114.2a ± 0.91
109.0 ± 1.63
0.000
269.7 ± 1.95
0.332
1.1 ± 0.02
1.1 ± 0.02
95.7 ± 0.84
2.4 ± 0.04
12.6 ± 0.08
1.4 ± 0.01
0.030
0.485
0.005
0.388
0.676
0.265
267.4 ± 2.98
1.0b ± 0.02
1.1 ± 0.02
93.1b ± 1.27
2.3 ± 0.03
12.7 ± 0.07
1.4 ± 0.02
271.4 ± 2.58
1.1a± 0.03
1.1± 0.03
97.6a ± 0.72
2.4 ± 0.07
12.6 ± 0.12
1.4 ± 0.01
Note: a, b, means with same row with different superscripts different significantly (P<0.05).
3.5.2. The effect of mating and lambing seasons on reproductive
performance of Phanrang sheep
Table 3.6a: Effect of mating and lambing seasons on reproductive
performance of ewes in Bavi
Mating season
Winter
Summer
Parameter
(n= 51)
(n = 49)
(Mean± SE)
(Mean±SE)
No of lamb (head)
1.1b ± 0.03
1.3a ± 0.05
No of male lamb (head)
0.6 ± 0.05
0.7 ± 0.06
No of female lamb (head) 1.1 ± 0.03
1.2 ± 0.04
Weaning rate (%)
96.4 ± 1.34
94.8 ± 1.61
Live weight at birth ( kg)
2.4 ± 0.02
2.3 ± 0.03
Live weight at weaning
12.5 ± 0.15
12.4 ± 0.14
(kg)
Post parturition estrus
111.6b±0.95 115.5a±1.19
(day)
Lambing intervals (day)
270.6± 2.32 267.6± 1.60
Litter /year
1.4 ± 0.01
1.4 ± 0.01
P
0.03
0.63
0.07
0.44
0.59
Lambing season
Winter
Summer
(n=51)
(n= 49)
(Mean± SE) (Mean± SE)
1.3a ± 0.04
1.1b ± 0.03
0.6± 0.05
0.6 ± 0.06
1.2a± 0.04
1.1b ± 0.03
93.9± 1.68
97.3± 1.28
2.3± 0.03
2.4 ± 0.03
P
0.002
0.334
0.025
0.115
0.092
0.85
12.4± 0.14
12.6± 0.16
0.274
0.01
114.9± 1.04
111.9±1.21
0.060
0.30
0.43
266.7± 1.45
1.4± 0.01
271.6±2.46
1.4 ± 0.01
0.085
0.117
14
a, b,
Note:
means with same column with different superscripts different significantly
(P<0.05).
The result in table 3.6a showed that lambing season had only effects on
number of lambs (P<0, 01) and Post parturition estrus (day) in Bavi (P<0,05).
Table 3.6b: Effect of mating and lambing seasons on reproductive
performance of ewes in Ninthuan
Parameter
Matting season
Lambing season
Dry season Rainy season P
Dry season Rainy season P
(n = 49)
(n = 49)
(n = 48)
(n = 45)
(Mean± SE) (Mean± SE)
((Mean± SE) Mean± SE)
1.2 ± 0.04
1.2 ± 0.04 0.599
1.2 ± 0.04
1.3 ± 0.04 0.169
No of lambs (head)
No of male lamb
(head )
0.6 ± 0.06
No of female (head) 1.0 ± 0.05
Weaning rate (%)
84.9 ± 3.89
live weight at birth
(head)
2.3 ± 0.03
Live weight at
weaning (kg)
12.7 ± 0.14
Post parturition
estrus (day)
Lambing intervals
( day)
Litter/year
0.6 ± 0.05 0.673
1.0 ± 0.04 0.834
84.0 ± 3.14 0.614
0.6 ± 0.05
1.0 ± 0.03
87.2 ± 2.63
0.6 ± 0.07
1.0 ± 0.06
80.9 ± 4.36
0.835
0.922
0.334
2.4 ± 0.03 0.910
2.4 ± 0.03
2.4 ± 0.03
0.951
12.5 ± 0.21 0.747
12.6 ± 0.19
12.6 ± 0.17
0.713
102.1± 1.28 102.0 ±1.73 0.998
101.2 ±1.62
103.1 ±1.44 0.312
266.4± 2.40
1.4 ± 0.01
264.3 ±2.34
1.4 ± 0.01
265.1 ±2.33 0.678
1.4 ± 0.01 0.659
264.9 ± .22 0.573
1.4 ± 0.01 0.620
The result showed that mating and lambing seasons had no significant
effect of on reproductive performance of ewes in Ninthuan.
3.5.3. Effect of litter on reproductive performance of Phanrang ewe
Table 3.7a: Effect of litter on reproductive performance of Phanrang ewe in
Bavi
n
Litter size
(head)
1
2
3
53
51
50
1.0a
98.1
Post
Weight Weight at
Lambing
parturition
at birth weaning
interval
estrus
(kg)
(kg)
(day)
(day)
2.3
11.6a
119.5a
280.5a
0.055
0.048
1.859
0.039
0.210
1.536
2.206
0.011
1.2b
1.1ab
96.1
2.4
12.3b
110.6b
265.1b
1.4a
SE
0.056
0.049
1.895
0.040
0.215
1.566
2.249
0.011
Mean
1.3b
1.2ab
97.0
2.4
12.7b
113.1b
263.8b
1.4a
SE
0.057
0.049
1.914
0.040
0.217
1.582
2.271
0.011
para
meter
lambs/l No of
itter
weaner
(head) (head)
Mean
1.1a
SE
Mean
Weaning
rate
(%)
Litter/
year
1.3b
15
4
37
5 and 6 18
P
b
ab
Mean
1.3
1.2
SE
0.066
0.057
b
2.4
12.9b
109.6b
261.5b
1.4a
2.225
0.047
0.252
1.839
2.641
0.013
1.3
97.2
2.3
12.1
117.2
269.2
1.4ab
0.095
0.082
3.190
0.067
0.361
2.636
3.786
0.019
0.020
0.033
0.803
0.277
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
Mean
1.3
SE
b
94.6
ab
ab
ab
Note: a, b, means with same column with different superscripts different significantly
(P<0.05).
Results obtained from table 3.7a. showed that number of lamb/liter, number
of weaner (P<0.05), weaning weight, post parturition estrus, lambing
intervals and number of litter/year (P<0.01) of Phanrang ewe in Bavi were
influenced by litter (from first to sixth litter).
Results obtained from table 3.7b. showed that in Ninhthuan, litter (from
first to sixth litter) affected significantly number lamb/litter, post parturition
estrus, lambing intervals and litter/year (P<0.01).
Table3.7b. Effect of litter on reproductive performance of Phanrang ewe in
Ninhthuan
Weigh
WeightPost parturition Lambing
Lamb/litter Weaner Weaning rate
t
Litter Parameter
at weaning estrus
intervals Litter/year
(head)
(head)
(%)
at birth
(kg)
(day
(day)
(kg)
b
a
Mean
1,1
1,0
93,9
2,3
12,5
111,9
277,3a
1,3b
1
SE
(n=49)
0,058
0,064
4,469
0,033
0,233
1,565
2,779
0,014
Mean
1,4a
1,1
83,3
2,3
12,7
96,7b
259,4b
1,4a
2
(n=48)
SE
0,058
0,064
4,515
0,034
0,235
1,582
2,808
0,014
Mean
1,2ab
1,1
86,7
2,4
12,7
96,3b
263,1b
1,4a
3
(n=45)
SE
0,060
0,066
4,663
0,035
0,243
1,633
2,900
0,015
Mean
1,2ab
1,0
80,8
2,4
12,6
97,3b
255,8b
1,4a
4
(n=39)
SE
0,065
0,071
5,009
0,037
0,261
1,755
3,115
0,016
1,1b
0,9
79,4
2,3
12,6
96,3b
256,4b
1,4a
5 và 6 Mean
(n=34)
SE
0,069
0,076
5,365
0,040
0,280
1,879
3,336
0.017
P
0,002
0,172
0,205
0,052
0,950
0,000
0,000
0,000
Note: a, b, means with same column with different superscripts different significantly
(P<0.05).
Different effects of litter size on reproductive performance of Phanrang
ewe in two places: Bavi and Phanrang may be due to different natural
conditions, especially climatic conditions.
While litter size increased from the first litter to the thirst litter, post
parturition estrus (day) and lambing interval decreased from the first litter
to the fifth and sixth litter. It appeared that litter/year increased from the
first and second litter then was stable. Generally, reproductive performance
of ewe was better from the second litter and stable from the fourth litter.
16
3.6. Influence of rations on fattening performance of Phanrang sheep
from 6 to 9 months of age.
As can be seen from Table 3.8, ADG of fattening sheep in treatment 3 fed
on the ration with a roughage to concentrate ratio of 50:50 was the highest
(181g/day), followed by ADG of sheep in treatment 2, fed on the ration
with a roughage to concentrate ratio of 60:40
(150 g/day). ADG of
sheep in treatment 1, fed on the ration with a roughage to concentrate ratio
of 70:30 was the lowest (116g/day) (P<0,05). It seemed that at the same
age, ADG of fattening sheep was significantly affected by roughage to
concentrate ratios of rations. When percentage of concentrate decreased
from 50 to 30 %, ADG decreased gradually.
As can be seen from Table 3.9, feed intake of fattening sheep as kg
DM/head/day or Kg DM/100kg live weight, increased significantly (P <
0.05) when roughage to concentrate ratios of rations increased from 70 - 30
to 60 – 40 and 50 – 50%. This trend in feed intake went parallelly with
increased trend of ADG. As a result, FCR (feed conversion ratio) of
fattening sheep decreased significantly (P <0.05) when concentrate ratios of
rations increased from 70 - 30 to 60 – 40 and 50 – 50%.
Table 3.8. Effect of rations on ADG of fattening sheep
Parameter
TR1
TR2
TR3
SEM
P
N (head)
5
5
5
Experiential length ( week)
8
8
8
Initial weight (kg)
15.7
15.63
15.23 0.2126 0.315
Weight of the first 4 weeks (kg)
18.97a 20.37b
20.50b 0.2419 0.007
a
b
ADG in the first 4 weeks (g/con/day)
116.78 168.92 188.21b 0.2134 0.001
Weight of the second 4 weeks (kg)
22.23a 24.07ab
25.37b 0.4308 0.006
ADG in the second 4 weeks (g/con/day)
116.42a 132.14ab 173.92b 0.3156 0.028
ADG (g/day)
116.7a 150.6b
181.0b
7.506 0.003
Note: a,b means within rows with different superscripts are significant different (P<0,05)
Table 3.9: Effect of rations on feed intake and FCR of fattening sheep
Parameter
Feed intake (Kg DM/head/ day)
Feed intake (kg DM /100 kg live
weight)
ME intake (MJ/head/day)
FCR (Kg feed DM eaten/kg weight
gain)
TR1
TR2
0.83a 0.88b
TR3 SEM
P
0.90b 0.0093 <0.001
4.45a
4.50b
4.55c
0.0094 <0.001
2.38a
3.34b
4.22c
0.036
<0.001
a
ab
b
0.3741
0.017
7.28
6.03
5.07
Note: a,b means within rows with different superscripts are significant different (P<0,05)
17
Results from Table 3.10 showed that roughage to concentrate ratios of
rations had some effects on dressing percentage, lean meat percentage,
head, skin and wool, blood percentage. However, these effects occurred
significantly (P<0.05) when roughage to concentrate ratios of rations
increased from 60 – 40 to 50 – 50%. There was no difference in carcass
characteristics of fattening sheep between treatment 1 and 2, where
roughage to concentrate ratios of rations were 70 – 30 and 60 – 40%,
respectively.
Table 3.10. Carcass characteristics of fattening sheep as affected by
rations
Parameter
n (head)
Live weight (kg)
Dressing percentage (%)
Lean meat percentage (%)
Head (%)
Foot (%)
Skin and wool (%)
Vicera (%)
Bone (%)
Blood (%)
TR1
3
20.53
42.30a ± 0.40
31.30a ± 0.29
6.25b ± 0.39
3.00 ± 0.59
9.19b ± 0.38
32.98 ± 0.22
12.14 ± 1.17
3.90a ± 0.59
TR2
3
23.13
42.14a ± 0.61
33.02a ± 1.26
6.82b ± 0.72
2.79 ± 0.20
10.23b ± 0.32
32.84 ± 0.64
12.08 ± 0.66
5.15b ± 0.20
TR3
3
23.37
45.74b ± 0.21
34.87b ± 1.15
4.94a ± 1.58
3.44 ± 0.22
8.48a ± 0.29
33.46 ± 0.29
12.11 ± 0.37
4.92b ± 0.53
Note: a, b means within row with different superscripts are significantly different
3.7. Influence of rations on fattening performance of Phanrang sheep
from 9 to 12 months of age
Table 3.11: Effect of rations on ADG of fattening sheep
Parameter
N (head)
TR1
5
8
19.10
22.93
TR2
5
8
19.05
24.00
TR3
5
8
18.93
24.10
SEM
Experiential length ( week)
0.4977
Initial weight (kg)
0.7139
Weight of the first 4 weeks (kg)
ADG in the first 4 weeks
a
ab
b
136.42 176.48 183.92
0.2965
(g/con/day)
26.43
27.72
28.40
0.7505
Weight of the second 4 weeks (kg)
ADG in the second 4 weeks
125.00a 132.85ab 153.57b 0.1588
(g/con/day)
130.8a 154.9ab 169.2b
7.231
ADG (g/day)
NOTE: a,b means within same rows with different superscripts differ significantly
(P<0,05);
P
0.968
0.466
0.023
0.222
0.016
0.014
- Xem thêm -