Tài liệu Factors affecting the competitiveness of small and medium sized aquiculture enterprises in the north of vietnam

Thai nguyen University Southern luzon STATE University Socialist Republic of Vietnam Republic of Philippines PHAN THỊ MAI HƯƠNG (English Name: Diana) “FACTORS AFFECTING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED AQUACULTURE ENTERPRISES IN THE NORTH OF VIETNAM” DOCTORAL THESIS Thai Nguyên 2013 i Acknowledgments I would like to express our most sincere thanks to the Management Board of the Southern Luzon State University, Thai Nguyen University,, the teacher of the school has helped me facilitate the learning process throughout. I would like to express sincere gratitude and profound Professor. Dr. Cecilia N. Gascon enthusiastic teacher who have dedicated guidance, encouragement, spend time and exchange orientation for me during this research. I would like to express my sincere thanks to the board of Directors of Aquaculture enterprises In HaiPhong, QuangNinh, NamDinh, ThaiBinh, NinhBinh, ThanhHoa Province has helped me research material, through a questionnaire survey. I sincerely thank the Board of the University of Labor and Social affair (ULSA), colleagues in ULSA, classmates DBA1 facilitated enthusiastic help and share my experience to help complete the thesis. Finally, I would like to send the gift to the heart of my family has passed enthusiasm and encouragement to complete my thesis. ii DEED OF DECLARATION I, Phan Thi Mai Huong (English name: Diana), hereby submit my thesis for oral examination, entitled “FACTORS AFFECTING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED AQUACULTURE ENTERPRISES IN THE NORTH OF VIETNAM” truthfully declare that the said paper is a product of my original research investigation. Signed this …………………… 2013 at Thai Nguyen University ----------------------------------Phan Thi Mai Huong DBA Candidate iii Abstract The study was conducted to analyze the factors affecting competitiveness of SMEs in aquaculture of Northern Vietnam. The research utilized both primary and secondary data. The respondents in this study were the members of board of directors of 122 small and medium aquaculture enterprises of six coastal provinces in the North of Vietnam. Data for this study was collected via email with director of aquaculture enterprises. The study adapted from David Aker’s model (2007) for analyzing the factors impacting competitiveness of aquaculture enterprises in 6 coastal provinces of Northern Vietnam. Eight criteria that this dissertation identifies as most important internal factors accounting for enterprises’ competitiveness include: finance capability, management capability, intangible assets, manufacturing equipment, marketing, production capability, human resource and R&D. The dissertation identified the indicator of competitiveness of small and medium sized aquaculture enterprises in Vietnam nowadays and in particular evaluated the factors affecting the competitiveness of small and medium aquaculture enterprises in the North of Vietnam. Aquaculture enterprises in Quang Ninh own the highest level of competitiveness with the score of 4.04 (maximum level is 5). In addition, the dissertation ranked the competitiveness of Northern Vietnam at the average level with the score of 3.40. In order to enhance competitiveness, small and medium aquaculture enterprises in northern areas should focus on implementing a number of measures: (1) improving production capacity; (2) innovating equipment and technology; (3) building brand; (4) improving the quality of the labor force in aquaculture sector, (5) pushing up the activities of product research and development. iv APPROVAL SHEET This thesis, entitled “FACTORS AFFECTING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED AQUACULTURE ENTERPRISES IN THE NORTH OF VIETNAM ”, prepared and submitted by Phan Thi Mai Huong in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Business Administration has been examined and recommended for acceptance and approval for ORAL EXAMINATION. Professor. Dr. Cecilia N. Gascon Adviser Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of PASSED on ……. 2013 Dr………………………..………………….. Member Dr………………………..………………….. Member Dr………………………..………………….. Member Dr………………………..………………….. Chairman Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Business Administration. THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY Dean Dean v TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER I………………………………………. ....................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………… .................................................................. 1 1. Background of the study .................................................................................................. 1 2. Statement of the problem ................................................................................................ 3 3. Hypothesis ........................................................................................................................ 5 4. Objective of the study ...................................................................................................... 5 5. Scope and limitations of the study ................................................................................... 6 6. Definition of terms ............................................................................................................ 6 CHAPTER II……………………………………….. .................................................................... 9 LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………… .................................................................. 9 1. 2. Conceptual framework ..................................................................................................... 9 1.1. Concept of competition .............................................................................................. 9 1.2. Porter’s 5 forces Model .............................................................................................10 1.3. Analyzing competitors & David Aaker’s model ......................................................... 12 Literature Review ...........................................................................................................14 CHAPTER III………………………………………. .................................................................. 20 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………….................................................................... 20 1.Research design ........................................................................................................................20 2. Location of the study ...............................................................................................................22 3. Population, Sample Size and Sampling technique ...................................................................22 4. Description of research points ................................................................................................. 24 5. Research Instrument................................................................................................................24 6. Statistical analysis ................................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER IV…………………………………….. ............................................................... …..27 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………................................................................... 27 1. Evaluating the reliability of statistic data................................................................................27 2. Descriptive statistics ....................................................................................................... 31 vi 3. Analysis the factors of the competitiveness of Small and Medium Sized Aquaculture Enterprises of the six provinces in the North of Vietnam............................................................31 3.1. Financial capability .....................................................................................................32 3.2. Management Capability .............................................................................................34 3.3. Intangible assets.........................................................................................................36 3.4. Manufacturing equipment and technology capability ..............................................38 3.5. Marketing ................................................................................................................... 40 3.6. Production capability ................................................................................................. 44 3.7. Human Resources ......................................................................................................45 3.8. R&D ............................................................................................................................48 4. Comparison of competitiveness between provinces in Northern Vietnam in aquaculture sector. ..........................................................................................................................................49 4.1. Financial capability of six coastal provinces in the North of Vietnam ..............................49 4.2. Management Capability ....................................................................................................51 4.3. Intangible assets ...............................................................................................................52 4.4. Manufacturing equipment and technology capability .....................................................53 4.5. Marketing..........................................................................................................................54 4.6. Production capability ........................................................................................................56 4.7. Human resources ..............................................................................................................57 4.8. Research and Development ..............................................................................................58 5. Evaluating the competitiveness level of the aquaculture sector in the north of Vietnam......61 CHAPTER V…………………………………….. ...................................................................... 86 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................... 86 1. Conclusions ..............................................................................................................................86 2. Recommendations ................................................................................................................... 86 APPENDIX 1 : SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE…………………………………………………97 APPENDIX 2: COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OF EACH PROVINCE ........................... 102 APPENDIX 3: ANOVA ANALYSIS…………….. ................................................................. 112 APPENDIX 4: POST HOC TESTS……………… ................................................................. 117 APPENDIX 5: KSF competitor ranking 6 provinces of northern Vietnam in aquaculture sector……………………………………………........................................................................ 136 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: KSF Competition Ranking ................................................................................................13 Table 2: Research Respondents .......................................................................................................23 Table 3: Cronback alpha of financial capability ..............................................................................27 Table 4: Cronback alpha of management capability ........................................................................27 Table 5: Cronback alpha of intangible assets...................................................................................28 Table 6: Cronback alpha of manufacturing equipment and technology capability..........................28 Table 7: Cronback alpha of marketing.............................................................................................29 Table 8: Cronback alpha of production capability ...........................................................................29 Table 9: Cronback alpha of human resources ..................................................................................30 Table 10: Cronback alpha of research and development .................................................................30 Table 11: Illustration method of calculating group variables via mean value .................................31 Table 12: Financial Capability Crosstabulation ...............................................................................32 Table 13: Management Capability of aquaculture enterprises in the North of Vietnam ................34 Table 14: Number of aquaculture enterprises assessed management capability at high level of six provinces in the North of VietNam..................................................................................................36 Table 15: Intangible assets Crosstabulation .....................................................................................37 Table 16: Manufacturing equipment and technology capability Crosstabulation...........................39 Table 17: List of Basa price of six coastal provinces surveyed (per kg) .........................................40 Table 18: Price of prawn of six coastal provinces surveyed (20 units / kg) ...................................41 Table 19: Marketing Crosstabulation...............................................................................................43 Table 20: Production capability Crosstabulation .............................................................................44 Table 21: Human Resources Crosstabulation ..................................................................................46 Table 22: R&D Crosstabulation.......................................................................................................48 Table 23: Post Hoc Tests on financial capability.............................................................................50 Table 24: Post Hoc Tests on management capability ......................................................................51 Table 25: Post Hoc Tests on intangible assets .................................................................................52 Table 26: Post Hoc Tests on Manufacturing equipment and technology capability ........................54 Table 27: Post Hoc Tests on marketing ...........................................................................................55 Table 28: Post Hoc Tests on production capability .........................................................................56 Table 29: Post Hoc Tests on Human Resources ..............................................................................57 Table 30: Post Hoc Tests on Research and Development................................................................59 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: The Value Chain (Porter 1985) ........................................ 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Figure 2: Maps of Vietnam and its 63 provinces (name of coastal provinces are shown only).......22 Figure 3: Number of companies assessed financial capability of six provinces ..............................32 Figure 4: Number of enterprises having high rate of intangible assets ............................................37 Figure 5: Market share of six province in 2012 in domestic maket ................................................42 Figure 6: Number of aquaculture enterprises is rated human resource in six provinces surveyed at high rate ...........................................................................................................................................47 viii Abbreviation ADB Asian development bank AFTA ASEAN Free-Trade Area APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEM Asia-Europe Meeting BAT Vietnam- America Bilateral Trade Agreement CCI Current competitiveness index EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GCI Growth competitiveness index GDP Gross domestic product GNP Gross National product KSF Key success factors IMF International Monetary Fund NAIC National Association of Investors Corporation ROF Rate of fund ROS Rate of sales ix AQUACULTU Sea product export UN United Nations VASEP Vietnam Association of Seafood Exporters and Producers VCCI Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry WB World Bank WEF World Economic Forum RE x 0 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. Background of the study Market economy and international integration are creating many opportunities and challenges for enterprises, especially the small and medium sized enterprises. So how Vietnam’s Small and medium sized enterprises should operate to survive and develop in a competitive and integrative environment is now a major issue worth being paid great attention to. In recent years, the Vietnam's economy in general and aquaculture sector in particular is in the process of economic integration in the Region and the World. This is also a great opportunity for aquaculture enterprises in the North of Vietnam. However, aquaculture enterprises in the North have met the big challenges such as stiff competition. Opportunities of SMEs: First, Vietnam is increasingly involved deep integration into the economy of the region and the world, opportunities for the aquatic products will increasingly be expanded. The northern aquaculture enterprises will have the huge global market for export and opportunities to expand the market and attract more foreign investment. They will receive conditional preferential tariffs when exporting fishery products to the WTO member countries, especially countries where seafood and capable of penetrating the mass consumption large, such as the EU, USA, Japan, China ... This is a great opportunity for aquaculture enterprises in northern areas could increase exports, to expand the market and high business efficiency. Second, in recent years aquaculture enterprises in the North have the opportunity to acquire the advancement of science and technology in the world in aquaculture, processing and trading. Thirdly, this time, aquaculture enterprises in the northern region can more easily raise their capital. There have been a lot of commercial banks founded with the broader lending institutions in the Northern region. This is a great opportunity for the exploitation of capital investment to expand production, processing and trading of regional fisheries. 1 Fourth, the WTO, the commodity market's seafood sector is expanding north, the conditions for aquaculture enterprises to exploit huge potential market to penetrate with reasonable rates, service rates cheaper inputs. However, it also means that competition is increasingly fierce, with the tightening conditions seafood export to foreign countries. Many aquaculture enterprises are well aware of hygiene and food safety so they have invested in new construction or further upgraded, complete renovation by expanding, innovative modern equipment to meet the standards and requirements specifications, product diversification. Besides the opportunity, the aquaculture enterprises in the Northern region have to face challenges following: First, competition in the market for seafood is fierce, while the competitiveness of seafood in northern areas is low. The ability to automate the production is not high, resulting in a cost some products of the North region is higher than the same type of commodity in other areas of the country. Therefore products of aquaculture enterprises of the northern region to compete with other enterprises in the country: category, price and product quality. Second, most of the aquaculture enterprises in the northern region are small-scale production, weak production capacity. So many enterprises have fallen into weak position to produce goods in large quantities and high quality. Third, facilities of many aquaculture enterprises in the northern region are old, outdated technologies they lack of funds for the renovation of equipment manufacturing. Fourth, the quality of labor in the aquaculture enterprises in the northern region is low, limiting the access to scientific and technical progress in advanced manufacturing. The training of managers and technical workers pay attention nowadays but due to limit funds and experience, so the number of training classes are not many, did not meet the requirements in terms of quantity and quality, especially the lack of skilled entrepreneurs. Conclusion, the current aquaculture enterprises in northern region are facing many opportunities and also many difficulties and challenges. However, it should be aware that the advantages and the comparative advantages of major enterprises belong to the objective 2 factors, while the challenges that they meet belongs to the subjective factors derived from the inside of enterprises . Therefore, to achieve high efficiency, they need to know to take advantage of every opportunity and comparative advantage of themselves to overcome challenges to achieve effective high production, high efficiency of integration. 2. Statement of the problem Aquaculture sector is strength of Vietnam and has now been identified as key economic sectors of the country by the achievements that this sector has achieved in the past and future prospects. Currently, the Northern region of Vietnam has 122 aquaculture enterprises in six coastal provinces. Every year, the manufacturing aquatic sector brought considerable income for the region and for the country. However, besides the results achieved are still many potential problems such as the shortage of skilled labor, less diverse products. These problems are potential risks for the development of the aquaculture enterprises. Therefore, the identification of factors affecting the competitive advantage of the aquaculture enterprises in the northern region is urgently needed to provide solutions improving the competitiveness of these enterprises. So far today, a number of researches on the competitiveness of enterprises, especially the Small and Medium Sized Enterprises, and the activities of Sea Product Export (AQUACULTURE) Vietnam have been done, but no research has looked into the factors affecting the competitiveness of the Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in aquiculture. Therefore, the author has chosen thesis “Factors affecting the competitiveness of Small and Medium Sized aquiculture Enterprises in the north of Vietnam”. In this study, the authors focus on identifying the factors that affect the competitiveness between the aquaculture enterprises in the northern region to propose recommendations to improve the capacity competition for them. The study is aimed at finding out the factors affecting the competitiveness of aquiculture Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMES) in the north of Vietnam. From this some solutions to each factor will be given to improve the competitive advantages of aquaculture enterprises. 3 In order to achieve the aim of study, the researcher will have to answer the following research question:  Which factor affects the competitiveness of the small and medium sized aquaculture enterprises in the North of Vietnam?  How is competitive level of aquaculture enterprises in the North of Vietnam evaluated? There are many factors that affect competition; they can be divided into two main groups of factors: external factors and internal factors. a- External factors include:  Environmental political factors  Tax policy  Interest rate  Financial Policies  Administrative procedures  Climatic factors b - Group internal factors:  Financial Capability  Human Resources  Manufacturing equipment and technology capability  Production capability  Management Capability  Marketing  R&D  Intangible assets However, within the framework of this thesis the author has focused on the internal factors affecting the competitiveness of small and medium sized enterprises in aquaculture sector. The external factors will not be analyzed because of the following reasons: 4  In the same area to the north of Vietnam so the climatic conditions of the provinces surveyed are similar to each other.  Tax policy, interest rates, fiscal policies and regulations on administrative procedures specified performance across Vietnam 3. Hypothesis While collecting and studying the factors impacting on the competetiveness between aquaculture enterprises in the Northern of Vietnam, author gives the following hypothesis: financial capability, human resources, manufacturing equipment and technology capability, production capability, management capability, marketing research and development, intangible assets shall influence on the competetiveness between aquaculture enterprises in the Northern of Vietnam. 4. Objective of the study The main objective of the study is to analyze the factors affecting the competitiveness of the small and medium-sized enterprises in aquaculture in the Northern part of Vietnam. Specifically, this study aims to: 1. Identify and analyze the relationship of factors affecting the competitiveness of aquaculture SMEs in the north of Vietnam 2. Identify and measure how these factors affect the performance of aquaculture SMEs 3. To formulate solutions to improve the competitiveness of aquaculture enterprises in the North of Vietnam Significance of study The results of this study are the picture of the factual situation of the Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in aquiculture in the north of Vietnam. This study identified factors affecting the competitiveness of the small and medium sized enterprises in aquiculture, especially in the north of Vietnam. The result of study showed some suitable solutions to each factor that affecting the competitiveness of aquaculture 5 enterprises to meet the circumstances and environment of stiff competitiveness in the Northern region of Viettnam. 5. Scope and limitations of the study The study was carried out in small and medium sized enterprises in aquiculture in six coastal provinces the north of Vietnam. The research focuses on presenting the factors affecting the competitiveness of enterprises in aquiculture in north of Vietnam and giving some solutions to improve the competitiveness of small and medium sized enterprises in aquiculture in the future. 6. Definition of terms To ensure common understanding among the readers, the following terms are defined conceptually and operationally: Aquaculture  According to the FAO (2000) aquiculture is understood to mean the farming of aquatic organisms including mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. Farming also implies individual or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated.  It is commonly defined as the active cultivation (maintenance or production) of marine and freshwater aquatic organisms (plants and animals) under controlled conditions. This definition encompasses a broad range of operations, cultivating a wide variety of organisms, using a wide variety of production systems and facilities. Competitiveness  According to Porter (1985) the definition of a conceptual term such as competitiveness is never true or false in an absolute sense but its appropriateness can be judged for specific research or policy question. A shared definition of competitiveness will thus also reflect a shared view of what it should be used to analyze. He defines the competitiveness of a location as the productivity that company located there can achieve. 6 He uses this definition of competitiveness to understand the drivers of sustainable economic prosperity at a given location.  Competitiveness is the capability of achieving success in a competition of the same products on the same consumption market. Financial cabilitty Borrowed sums or equity with which the firm's assets are acquired and its operations are funded. Human resources: The set of individuals who make up the workforce of an organization, business sector or an economy. The set of skills which an employee acquires on the job, through training and experience, and which increase that employee's value in the marketplace. Intangible assets: Something of value that cannot be physically touched, such a brand, franchise, trademark, or patent. opposite of tangible asset. Management capability: The capacity of firm that organizes, manages, and administers a mutual fund Marketing: The process by which products and services are introduced to the marketplace. Production capability: Volume of products that can be generated by a production plant or enterprise in a given period by using current resources. Profit: The positive gain from an investment or business operation after subtracting for all expenses. opposite of loss. R&D: 7 as Discovering new knowledge about products, processes, and services, and then applying that knowledge to create new and improved products, processes, and services that fill market needs. Revenue: For a company, this is the total amount of money received by the company for goods sold or services provided during a certain time period. It also includes all net sales, exchange of assets; interest and any other increase in owner's equity and is calculated before any expenses are subtracted. Technology: Referring to industries that are experiencing, or recently have experienced, technological progress. Small and medium sized enterprises in Vietnam  Vietnam’s Small and Medium Sized Enterprises can be defined as legal enterprises (regardless types of economic components, location and standard of production, technology, processing and trading capacity) with a certain capital volume and labour force satisfying the governmental regulations applied to particular industry in particular period of the country’s economic development.  Definition of a small and medium scale enterprise follow current World Bank and Vietnamese Government definitions. The World Bank SME Department operates with three groups of small and medium-sized enterprises: micro-, small-, and medium-scale firms. Micro-enterprises have up to 10 employees, small-scale enterprises up to 50 employees, and medium-sized enterprises up to 300 employees. These definitions are broadly accepted by the Vietnamese Government (see Government decree no. 90/2001/CPND on “Supporting for Development of Small and Medium Enterprises”) 8 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Conceptual framework 1.1. Concept of competition The concept of competition (in term of economy) has been discussed for a long time by economists of all schools. The English classical capitalist political economic school supposes that competition is a process of responsive behaviours that bring each party a benefit that matches their ability. In this aspect, competition means competition of price. In “The Capitalist”, K. Marx analyzed carefully the issue of competition in close connection with the forming of average profit and production cost. K. Marx presented two types of competition: competition within an industry and among industries. - Competition within an industry is the competition among capitalists producing and trading in products or services of the same category with the target of achieving absolute advantages in selling goods for optimal profit. Tools to achieve that goal is improving and applying advanced technology to increase work productivity and decrease individual value to a lower level than that of the social value. The result of this competition process leads to the forming of market value and promotes progress of science and technology. - Competition among industries is the competition between capitalists producing and trading in products or services of different category, aiming at finding the most profitable market. Means for achieving this aim is to move capital from business sectors of low profit rate (P’) to the ones of higher profit level. The result of this competition process leads to the levelling of profits and the setting of an average profit rate, which changes values of goods into costs of production. The Vietnamese Language Encyclopaedia conceptualizes competition as “a battle between individuals, collectivises of the same functions for the final goal of becoming the winner”. • Competitiveness 9