Thai Nguyen University
Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Batangas State University
Republic of Philippines
PHD. CANDIDATE: TRAN THI NHI
TEACHINGS ON PEACE AND HARMONY
OF THE 14TH DALAI LAMA AND SELECTED
PEACE ADVOCATES
Major: English Language and Literature
SUMMARY OF Ph.D DISSERTATION
IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
THAI NGUYEN, 2014
The Dissertation was completed in:
THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY
Advisor: Dr. Maria Luisa A. Valdez
Reviewer No.1: .............................................
Reviewer No.2: .............................................
Reviewer No.3: .............................................
The Dissertation will be evaluated at the State Council held at:
………………………………………………………………………..
At: hour ... date ... month ...year 2014
Dissertation can be found at the libraries:
- National library of Vietnam;
- Learning Resource Center - Thai Nguyen University;
- Library of International Training and Development Center;
- Library of Batangas State University, Philippines.
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1
6. That the members of the community may realize, through this
Chapter I
paper, that peace and harmony is most effective when it highlights
THE PROBLEM
the positive interdependence existing among the people, groups,
organizations and nations.
7. That future researchers conduct other literary studies on the theme
Introduction
There exist myriad problems in the current world which threaten
of peace along lines of this research for academic enhancement. This
the existence of humanity. Violence is accelerating everywhere.
would bring a wider crosssection of views of life and to substantiate
Ceaseless wars and conflicts are taking place in several regions,
the present study.
killing thousands of people and causing suffering for millions of
human beings. Furthermore, more and more modern weapons with
massive destruction capacity are being produced, threatening the
whole mankind in every minute. Meanwhile, the world is also faced
with terrorism, environmental pollution, racial religious conflicts,
political disputes, social and economic inequality, the large gap
between the rich and the poor, diseases and poverty.
Making the situation worse, these problems happen in every
continent without exception, and tend to happen to not only one
nation or a few nations but also bigger groups of nations.
For example, the United States and Western countries have
recently experienced terrorist attacks, civil unrest and violent
massacres; the political disputes between Russia and other European
countries around the issues related to Ukraina has resulted in the
embargo and trade and business sanctions which creates hardships
for of millions of citizens in the European continent; the rise of
terrorist country self-called Isis
has created turmoil and terrible
violence in Middle East and North Africa; constant conflicts in the
China Sea are threatening the stability and the maintenance of peace
in the South East Asia.
2
All of these catastrophic events beg the question of how to save
humanity.
As stated in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and
23
peace and harmony can access the academe and spawn peace and
nonviolent-related activities in the curricula that will educate the
academic community of the beneficial outcomes of these virtues to
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) constitution, the statement that
all people.
“Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that
2. That the working professionals integrate the recommendations of
the defenses of peace must be constructed” is an appeal for a
this study in the mainstream of their disciplines, their lives and the
psychology of peace, a movement which seeks to find a the solution
world. And, organize workplace peace initiatives to nurture and
to conflicts without violence but via mutual and harmonious
challenge people of all ages working in various sectors of society to
relationships.
live peaceful and harmonious lives.
Accordingly, peace education is a principal means to maintain and
3. That media practitioners and professionals be inspired to develop
promote peace. To establish and foster a culture of peace is a
an intervention strategy that incorporates educational messages on
necessity for any nation, including Vietnam - a country vulnerable to
peace and harmony into popular media such as soap operas and other
peace.
media programming on the television and radio to change cultural
Aligning with UNESCO constitution, the country has been a long
attitudes, norms and behaviors that would benefit audiences.
time advocate for peace, maintaining and promoting education for
4. That college instructors of literature may use this analysis as one
peace via its education policies implemented in both informal
of their methodologies in teaching literature specifically the
teaching and formal education.
appropriate materials, media, and literary theories and approaches in
Peace education as a social movement can be traced back from
literary analysis in their literature classes and to develop their
religious traditions. For centuries, peace and peaceful resolution of
students’ appreciation and sense of value in order to guide and allow
conflict was primarily discussed in the teachings of religious leaders
them to crystallize and synthesize what philosophy of life is best to
such as Lao Tse, Jesus Christ, the Buddha, the Dalai Lama, and
learn and to live by.
Bahau llah, who taught that people were supposed to promote peace
5. That the students of literature realize the significance of peace
in their lives and in the world as a whole.
education and may be inspired to treat literature as a work of art
The contribution that religious figures can make to peacemaking
distinguished from other texts through content and form, and
has been increasingly studied and recognized. Peace education has
intensify their appreciation of prose and poetry as well as inspire
evolved from radical values in religious traditions of love,
them to engage in literary analysis as an academic activity.
22
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are
drawn:
3
compassion, tolerance and charity to modern theories revolving
interpersonal relations and environmental issues (Harris, 2002).
Buddhism, the religion which was introduced to Vietnam about
1. The 14th Dalai Lama simplifies the thousand-year Buddhist
two thousand years ago, despite ups and downs, has tremendously
philosophical wisdom and turns it into the principles which are
influenced all facets of Vietnamese culture, especially the spiritual
comprehensible and relevant to any ordinary person in the modern
life and the system of moral values. Historically, most Vietnamese
time who wants to practice them in the daily life in order to attain
have dentified themselves with Buddhism. Buddhism was introduced
peace.
to Vietnam as being a peaceful way, aimed at seeking justice,
2. Powerful and distinctive concepts of peace are found in Rumi,
compassion, freedom for humans from sufferings. These beliefs are
Tagore, Pope John Paul and Ikeda’s poems and proses.
close to the long standing cultural values of the Vietnamese and
3. Although the selected peace advocates represent four different
suitable with Vietnamese people, who advocate peace and always
religions and they come from different cultures, much common
desire happiness and freedom for their nation. Therefore, the religion
conception is found in their teachings on peace.
was easily accepted and quickly spread by the Vietnamese.
4. All the teachings on peace by the selected peace advocates which
Throughout the country, there exist thousands of Buddhist
emphasize “learning to live in harmony together” the universal and
pagodas in the cities and the countryside, playing an important part in
permanent moral values and principles which promote a spirit of
the spiritual life and making an identified culture of the Vietnamese
respecting cultural pluralism, cultivate human good qualities and
people. These pagodas function not only as the place for communal
responsibility must be integrated in education so that the young
activities but also a place for ideological teachings to be conveyed.
generation’s peace spirit is fostered, energized and enlivened through
Buddhism has been considered as the national religion of
literature and culture.
Vietnam. During the Ly dynasty in the eleventh and twelfth century,
Recommendations
Buddhism was so popular and vibrant that half of the Vietnamese
From the findings and conclusions of this study, the researcher
offers the following recommendations:
population at that time followed it.
In the 20th century, the country experienced a series of harsh
1. That the academic managers educational policy makers and
historical events, affecting the development of the religion. However,
administrators utilize this study as a frame of reference when they
with recent changes in economics and social developments, the
prepare developmental priorities, programs, projects and policies in
picture of religious life within Vietnamese people has become more
the educational institutions. This would ensure that the value of
vivid. If in the past, only old women went to the temples and
4
21
practiced Buddhist rituals, nowadays, there seems to be an increasing
14th Dalai Lama and Daisaku Ikeda for Buddhism, Mawlana Rumi
interest in practicing the religion in both men and women, and in
for Islam, Pope John Paul II for Christianity and Tagore for non-
both old people and young ones. This trend likely creates a a
formative religion, much common conception is found in their
favorable environment to promote peace education for the whole
teachings on peace. Their perspectives to the existence of human
nation in general and for its young generation in particular. It is
beings and the world and their concepts on peaceful and harmonious
undeniable that Buddhism has deep roots in Vietnamese culture,
relationships are universal despite the time and geographical distance.
since its principal beliefs and values can be found in various facets of
Regarding peace and harmony at three aspects - intrapersonal,
Vietnamese culture, from folklore, arts and literature to many aspects
interpersonal and international, these peace advocates all desire
of everyday life. The religion has been imbedded in the common life
peace, seek ways to attain peace for the humanity and bring man back
of the Vietnamese communities.
to the original soul which is infinite and beautiful part of human
The core value in the philosophy of Buddhism largely recognized
beings. Peace is radical need and ultimate goal of man.
by the Eastern Buddhist countries and recently by Western countries
To achieve peace, man needs to cultivate good qualities such as
is its interpretation of peace and harmony, its nature and the way to
love for nature and for human beings and responsibility with himself,
attain it.
with his community and with the whole of mankind. They all
For centuries, Buddhist countries have practiced the doctrine and
followed the teachings of Buddha. However, in the modern era where
emphasize the respect of various races, diverse cultures and different
religions as a necessity for a peaceful and harmonious world.
rapid development in information technology is at hand, it is very
4. With the contemporary world full of conflicts and violence
timely to contemplate if the Buddhist philosophy on peace and
today, there is a necessity to devise a form of education which can
harmony is still appropriate for the hectic and busy and frenetic life
help resolve its problems and turns it into a safe, peaceful and happy
style experienced by people in the present day.
home for mankind. All the teachings on peace by the selected peace
The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, a Tibetan Buddhist monk,
advocates which emphasize “learning to live in harmony together”
has been the primary proselytizer and advocate of the philosophy of
should be one of the major issues in education today. The universal
peace and harmony from the perspective of Buddhism in recent
and permanent values and principles which promote a spirit of
times.
Notably, he has been successful in making relevant the
respecting cultural pluralism, cultivate human good qualities and
thousand-year wisdom of Buddhism to the specific and practical
appraise responsibility must be integrated in education so that the
teachings for the modern life of the new millennium.
young generation’s peace spirit is fostered, energized and enlivened
through literature and culture.
20
5
present time, the Dalai Lama calls for a sense of universal
Beside the Dalai Lama, there have been a great number of peace
responsibility and proposes a spiritual revolution as a solution to
advocates, including religious figures, political leaders, literary
achieve peace and harmony for human beings at all levels - personal,
writers and philosophers, who have advocated the teachings of peace
community and global.
and harmony in their books, sermons and speeches. All of this have
2. Powerful concepts related to the value of human life and
provided a basis for a trend and a growing movement for peace and
humanity are found in Rumi, Tagore, Pope John Paul and Ikeda’s
harmony in modern times. Because of the importance of this peace
writings and speeches.
movement, the researcher has decided to focus on
studying the
Rumi’s thought that human beings must delve deeper into the soul
works of the Dalai Lama and a few other selected advocates of the
and need to accept the physical differences to find the commonality
peace movement to have a deeper and holistic view on understanding
of humanity can be instrumental in creating peace and harmony in
of the concepts of peace in current time and discuss the implications
society.
of this movement for life in modern times, particularly its impact on
Tagore, as a symbol of harmony, sees the beauty of the universe
Vietnamese student values.
in the face of diversity and the bond between human beings and
nature. Through his poems, he prays for the whole humanity to live
in peace and harmony by discarding all evils and taking up good
deeds.
Daisaku Ikeda promotes dialogue as a principal means to peace
and he stresses value of man in contribution to the well-being of the
Statement of the Problem
This study is an analysis of the teachings on peace and harmony
of the 14th Dalai Lama and selected other notable peace advocates
and to integrate their viewpoints into a global peace education
perspective.
community of three levels - the local community, national
Specifically, the study seeks answers to the following questions:
community and global community. Ikeda also encourages the
1. What are the teachings on peace and harmony held by the 14th
transmission of the value of peaceful coexistence and wisdom gained
Dalai Lama?
from generation to generation.
2. What are the peace concepts that may be drawn from the works of
Pope John Paul considers freedom of conscience, justice, truth,
the following peace advocates:
respect for rights and responsibilities as crucial values to ensure
2.1. Mawlana Rumi;
peace and harmonious existence.
2.2. Rabindranath Tagore;
3. A noticeable finding from the research is that although the
selected peace advocates represent different religions, namely, the
2.3. Pope John Paul II; and
2.4. Daisaku Ikeda?
6
3. What are the common aspects on the teachings of peace held by
19
This study employed the qualitative method of research and
these individuals ?
sociological and philosophical approaches as the bases for analysis.
4. How may the varied teachings on peace be integrated in a global
This paper also involved content analysis, which is a systematic
peace education perspective and program?
technique in analyzing message content and message handling.
The representative literary works were analyzed: Dalai Lama’s
Scope, Delimitation and Limitation of the Study
The Power of Compassion, Infinite Compassion for an Imperfect
This study analyzes the philosophy of nonviolence as embodied in
World, Beyond Religion - Ethics for a Whole World, Ancient
the selected literary pieces of the 14th Dalai Lama and the selected
Wisdom, and Modern World - Ethics for the new Millennium. Other
peace advocates Mawlana Rumi, Rabindranath Tagore, Pope John
elected writings analyzed were: Rumi’s Nasnavi, Tagore’s Gitanjali
Paul II and Daisaku Ikeda and focuses on its implication for
and Nationalism, Pope John Paul’s Messages on the World Peace
Vietnamese students’ values. This study employs the qualitative
Day and Daisaku Ikeda’s For the Sake of Peace – Seven Paths to
method of research in analyzing the selected writings and speeches of
Global Harmony: A Buddhist Perspectives.
the personages and uses sociological and philosophical approaches as
Findings
the bases for analysis.
The results of analysis and interpretation revealed the following:
This study is anchored on Gultung’s theory on peace. Other
1. The 14th Dalai Lama’s teachings are a reinterpretation and
approaches in literary criticism that may be employed in the analysis
restatement of the thousand-year Buddhist philosophical wisdom into
such as the Formalist Criticism, Biographical Criticism, Historical
principles that are comprehensible and relevant to any ordinary
Criticism, and Psychological Criticism are not part of this study.
person in the modern time, enabling people to practice them in the
The researcher also uses content analysis, which is a systematic
daily life to attain peace.
technique in analyzing message content and message handling. The
The Dalai Lama states the universal issues: that human beings
data analysis in this study centered on pattern seeking and the
regardless social classes, races, religions, occupations or cultures, all
extraction of meaning from the selected peace advocates’ selected
want happiness and do not want sufferings, that all religions share
literary narrative or image data.
common purpose: bringing happiness and releasing human beings
Much effort was focused on the task of recording data or making
from misery; they all encourage good human qualities like love,
notes through concepts and categories; altering or creating new codes
compassion, tolerance, kindness, honesty and responsibility and
or more subtle categories; linking and combining abstract concepts;
reject cruelty, greed, selfishness, envy and hatred. Through his
extracting the essence; organizing meaning; creating theory from
discussion on the problems which challenge the humanity in the
18
CHAPTER IV
7
emerging
themes;
writing
an
understanding;
and
drawing
conclusions.
This chapter presents a thorough analysis of the selected
works to answer the questions raised in chapter I.
The essential features in the treatment of materials were
considered by the researcher in the conduct of this study.
The general rules cited by Stott (2014) as regards the seven
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
standards a piece of literature should have in order to be considered
literary served as a in the selection of works under study.
Applying these standards the following literary works were
This chapter presents the summary, findings, conclusions and
analyzed: Dalai Lama’s The Power of Compassion, Infinite
recommendations of the study.
Compassion for an Imperfect World, Beyond Religion - Ethics for a
Summary
Whole World, and Ancient Wisdom and Modern World - Ethics for
This study is an analysis of the teachings on peace and harmony
the new Millennium. The selected writings Rumi entitled Nasnavi,
of the 14th Dalai Lama and selected peace advocates, and the varied
Tagore’s Gitanjali and Nationalism , Pope John Paul’s Messages on
teachings on peace that may be integrated on a global peace
the World Peace Day and Daisaku Ikeda’s For the Sake of Peace:
education perspective.
Seven Paths to Global Harmony – A Buddhist Perspective were also
Specifically, the study seeks answers to the following questions:
1. What are the teachings on peace and harmony held by the 14th
Dalai Lama?
2. What are the peace concepts of the following peace advocates:
included. These prose and poetry pieces constituted the primary
resource materials for of the study.
However, since these individuals are not only well-known
literati but also social figures, religious leaders and philosophers; this
2.1. Mawlana Rumi;
study also analyzed essays, works and recorded speeches, to provide
2.2. Rabindranath Tagore;
as comprehensive an assessments of their ideas as possible.
2.3. Pope John Paul II; and
2.4. Daisaku Ikeda?
3. What are the common aspects on the teachings of peace held by
Significance of the Study
This approach - using literary analysis as a tool for eliciting
these advocates?
the meaning and significance of the materials analyzed makes this
4. How can the varied teachings on peace be integrated on a global
study extremely beneficial to academic managers, working
peace education perspective?
professionals, media practitioners, college instructors of literature,
8
17
students of literature, members of the community, and other
with in the different selections; and the varied teachings on peace that
can be integrated on a global peace education perspectives.
These prose and poetry pieces constituted the primary sources of
the study. They were chosen to parallel the criteria spelled out for the
purpose. These works have been subject to critical analysis far less
frequently than these selected peace advocates’ most popular books.
In subjecting the materials to internal and external criticism and
analysis, the meaning and trustworthiness of the statements in the
primary and secondary sources were carefully charted and analyzed.
In this analysis, the researcher was free to defend her understanding
and appraisal of each literary piece. This reflected her personal
response to the suitability of the language to the theme, the
relevance of the language to the situation, and the appropriateness of
the language to the literary pieces under study.
To attain congruency between the theories used in explaining the
concept of peace and harmony, coding and categorization were
conducted. In this study, the categories which served as coding units
include the following: the teachings on peace and harmony as
reflected in the selected works of the 14th Dalai Lama; the peace
concepts that may be drawn from the works of the aforementioned
peace advocates; the intrapersonal, interpersonal and international
aspects on the teachings of peace dealt with in the different
selections; and the varied teachings on peace that can be integrated
on a global peace education perspective.
Direct references drawn from the selections served as the primary
texts and were compared with the theoretical statements discussed.
These passages from the chosen letters and speeches substantiated the
theoretical basis of the study.
researchers.
Academic Managers. This dissertation will help policy makers
such as those from Vietnam’s Ministry of Education and Training,
include developmental priorities, programs, projects and policies in
the educational institutions to ensure that the concepts of peace and
harmony can access the academe. This will also inspire them to
develop peace-related activities in the curricula that will educate the
academic community of the beneficial outcomes of peace and
harmony to all people regardless of gender, race, nationality and
religious backgrounds and to serve as a bridge builder in interfaith
encounter.
Working Professionals. This study will be beneficial for them in
the sense that the selected works have showcased how the 14th Dalai
Lama’s and the selected peace advocates’ activism which helped
shaped the people’s understanding of peace as a philosophy of life.
Likewise, they may be motivated to bring peace awareness in the
mainstream of their disciplines, their lives and the world and be
inspired to organize peace initiatives to nurture and challenge people
of all ages working in various sectors of society to a nonviolent life.
These initiatives may help the working people to embrace this
advocacy, clarify life goals, and revitalize working relationships
within their workplaces.
Media Practitioners. This study may inspire them to introduce an
intervention strategy referred to as entertainment education to change
cultural attitudes, norms and behaviors that would benefit audiences.
This strategy incorporates educational messages on peace and
16
9
appeal to the readers’ creative sides with beautifully crafted phrases
harmony into soap operas and other media programming on the
and sentences.
television and radio to change the attitudes and behavior of the
Finally, relative to style, the peculiar way in which the author sees
audience.
life, forms his ideas and how he expresses them were also
College Instructors of Literature. This analysis will be helpful
considered. The selected literary pieces reflect the writers’ view of
in the instructor’s methodology in teaching literature as an inquiry
the world and can suggest ideas and interpretations to the readers in a
into using the appropriate literary theories and approaches in literary
way they have never considered.
analysis. This will lead to treating literary criticism as a worthwhile
For the purpose of this study and to give philosophical credibility,
exercise that includes, among others, the identification of a
the following representative literary works were analyzed: Dalai
meaningful themes and the investigation of literary devices to reveal
Lama’s The Power of Compassion, Infinite Compassion for an
such themes. In addition, this will provide them with opportunities to
Imperfect World, Beyond Religion - Ethics for a Whole World,
focus on the concept of peace and harmony in their literature classes
Ancient Wisdom, and Modern World - Ethics for the new
and open their students’ mind and hearts to the varied teachings on
Millennium. The main selected writings of identified literary writers
peace that can be integrated on a global peace education perspective.
and philosophers Rumi entitled Nasnavi, Tagore’s Gitanjali and
Students of Literature. Not only will this analysis give them an
Nationalism , Pope John Paul’s Messages on the World Peace Day
extensive and profound outlook in life with reference to peace and
and Daisaku Ikeda’s: For the Sake of Peace: Seven Paths to Global
harmony through the lives and experiences of the writers and the
Harmony are also analyzed.
characters in the selected literary pieces, it will also make them
As these authors are not only well-known literati but also social
realize that issues in relation to violence should not be tolerated. In
figures, religious leaders and philosophers; they are all prolific
addition, this paper will make them treat literature as a work of art
writers and great orators. This study also analyzed their other works,
distinguished from other texts through content and form, and
including more informal written works and recorded speeches, for
eventually intensify their appreciation of prose and poetry and inspire
analysis under the theme of the research.
The selections were chosen for their value in further clarifying
the teachings on peace and harmony as reflected in the selected
works of the 14th Dalai Lama; the peace concepts that may be drawn
from the works of the selected peace advocates; the intrapersonal,
interpersonal and international aspects on the teachings of peace dealt
them to engage in literary analysis as an academic activity.
Members of the Community. This paper will make them more
aware of their social responsibility and peace work to curb violence
that beset the community and the world today. This will make them
understand that peace and harmony is most effective when it
highlights the positive interdependence existing among the people,
10
15
groups, organizations and nations involved and the need for joint
In relation to spiritual value, the quality of great literature which
efforts to achieve mutual benefits. It will also make them aware that
elevates the spirit was taken into consideration during the selection
integrative agreements maximize mutual benefits; and that the use of
process. The chosen representative literary works are thought to have
a procedure of decision making that creates a synthesis or integration
an underlying moral message that can potentially make the readers
of various preferences of the involved parties or takes everyone’s
better people. These moral values are often written between the lines
perspectives and conclusions into account. Likewise, the analysis
and can help the readers become better persons.
will sensitive people to the fact that some of the belief systems and
As regards universal appeal, the thought that great literature
practices at home and the community are oftentimes not in
appeals to all people regardless of race, creed, nationality or beliefs
accordance with the establishment of valued roles in relation to peace
was taken into consideration. The literary works chosen for analysis
and harmony for young Vietnamese students, and thus should be
appeals to a range of people across different age groups, nationalities,
avoided.
cultures and beliefs.
Other Researchers. This paper may inspire them to conduct
In connection with permanence, the quality that great literature
more researches on ways that are most effective in integrating the
endures was also considered. The selected prose’s and poems’ appeal
nonviolent principles into the people’s dominant
worldview.
is lasting and they can be read again and again as each reading gives
Researches on peace and nonviolence and tolerant values and
fresh delight and new insights and open new worlds of meaning and
worldviews might diminish the negative aspects of fear and mortality
experience.
salience that is usually associated with terror management. Likewise,
With reference to suggestiveness, the value associated with the
researchers will be benefitted by this study through the analysis and
emotional power of great literature was noted. The selected literary
treatment of materials, and through the careful investigation of both
pieces can carry many associations that lead beyond the surface
theme and form in literary genres. This paper may also show them
meaning. The reader is left to establish what the author is suggesting
the process of drawing out literary theories and utilizing critical
and this captures the readers’ imagination by making them think
approaches in literary analysis.
about what they are reading and engaging them into the story or
poem.
With reference to artistry, the quality which appeals to the
readers’ sense of beauty was likewise noted in the choice of
representative works. The chosen works are well-written and they
14
11
seeking and the extraction of meaning from the 14th Dalai Lama’s
Chapter II
and the selected peace advocates identified narrative or image data.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Much effort was focused on the task of recording data or making
notes through concepts and categories; altering or creating new codes
or more subtle categories; linking and combining abstract concepts;
This chapter is presented for the purpose of identifying the
constructs of the study.
extracting the essence; organizing meaning; creating theory from
Conceptual Literature
emerging
The review of the conceptual literature yields four types of
themes;
writing
an
understanding;
and
drawing
conclusions.
Treatment of Materials
The following essential features in the treatment of materials were
considered by the researcher in the conduct of this study.
To adopt a more systematic identification of selected works,
several norms were adhered to.
According to Stott (2014), there are generally considered seven
constructs, which are used in the analysis and interpretation of the
literary pieces dissected. These constructs include: the 14th Dalai
Lama and his Significant Works; the Other Selected Peace Advocates
and their Significant Works; Peace Education and Culture of Peace;
and the Sociological and Philosophical Approaches in Literary
Criticism.
standards as regards how a piece of literature should abide to in order
Research Literature
to be considered literary. If a piece of writing is considered “literary”
This section presents the published and unpublished researches
this usually suggest that it is a scholarly article or classical writing
that is extremely well written and is very informative. The said
standards include intellectual value, spiritual value, universal appeal,
permanence, suggestiveness, artistry and style.
With regard to intellectual value, the worth connected to the
stimulating influence of great literature was considered. The
that are related to the present study.
Synthesis of Literature Reviewed
This section justifies the direct bearing of the conceptual literature
to the present study followed by the presentation of the similarities
and differences of the cited research literature to the present study.
selections can help the readers understand their lives and realize
Conceptual/Theoretical Framework
truths about humanity and life in general. They likewise stimulate the
This section presents the central theme or the main thrust of the
readers mentally and enrich their thoughts particularly on peace and
study. It serves as a guide in conducting the investigation. It is
harmony.
followed by a paradigm which is a diagrammatic representation of
the conceptual framework of this study.
12
13
Definition of Terms
This section presents the terms defined conceptually and
Chapter III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
operationally for a better understanding and appreciation of concepts
as they are used in the study. The following terms were defined:
This chapter presents the research methodology in terms of the
content analysis, global peace education perspective, harmony,
research design and treatment of the materials studied.
intrapersonal aspect, interpersonal aspect, international aspect, peace
Research Design
advocates, selected works, the Dalai Lama, and the 14th Dalai Lama.
This study employed the qualitative method of research in
analyzing the tenets of peace and harmony in the representative
literary works chosen.
According to Suter (2012), qualitative research is directed by the
philosophical premise that one must consider the multiple realities
experienced by the participants themselves to understand a complex
phenomenon. These multiple realities experienced by the participant
can be reflected in various ways, including the literary genre called
letters and oratorical pieces.
According to Ary, et. al. (2006), human experiences take their
signification from social, cultural and political influences, and are
therefore incapable of being separated from the said influences.
Hence, in analyzing the representative literary works, the tenet of
peace and harmony were considered. These provided substantial and
significant interpretations of the author’s and characters’ motivations
as regards the theme.
Patton (2002) pointed out that the goal of qualitative data analysis
is to uncover emerging themes, patterns, concepts, insights, and
understanding. Thus, this study also involved content analysis, which
is a systematic technique in analyzing message content and message
handling. The data analysis in this research centered on pattern
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