Tài liệu Address terms in the novel gone with the wind and their equivalents in vietnamese translation cuon theo chieu gio

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VINH UNIVERSITY TRAN THI KIM TUYEN ADDRESS TERMS IN THE NOVEL GONE WITH THE WIND AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS IN VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION CUON THEO CHIEU GIO Major: Theoretical Linguistics Code: 62. 22. 01. 01 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS IN LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE NGHE AN - 2016 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale 1.1. In language in general and in Vietnamese and English in particular, address terms are the reflection of the hierarchical relationship among participants of the conversations as well as their attitudes and emotion. In order for the conversation to go smoothly, speaker should choose suitable address terms basing on the relationship between listener and speaker. The choice and usage of suitable address terms with the context and content will depend on this interpersonal relationship; these address terms also have impacts on the development of the conversation. It is, therefore, meaningful and important to conduct a research into the respective expression of form of address in the two languages (English Vietnamese). 1.2. In Vietnamese, address terms are diversified and they carry different connotations in different circumstances; the same role may have different address terms with different shades of emotions. Address terms in English are, however, different in both quantity, kind of speech (address) and structure of address terms. The difference between the two languages has created confusion for translators when choosing the equivalent address terms, especially when translating work from English into Vietnamese. In this thesis, the author will investigate the translation of address terms from the original version in Margaret Mitchell’s Gone with the wind (Macmillan Publisher, 2005) the translated Vu Kim Thu translator’s Cuon theo chieu gio (Thoi Đai Publisher, 2009) to identify the systematic characteristic and principles in the translation activity from English into Vietnamese and vice versa. 1.3. In real-life communication, personal pronouns are used more frequently than nouns to address people, meanwhile, in Vietnamese, personal pronouns are not as popular as nouns to address people, especially kinship noun. Therefore, in translating address terms that appear in conversations between characters from English into Vietnamese, there are both similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese in terms of the use of personal pronoun, addressing nouns (name and full name, kinship nouns, nouns expressing feeling, nouns expressing gender, nouns showing politeness, objectification noun, occupational titles…) as well as emotion and culture and etc. It is an essential and practical to point out the similarities and differences among these issues for the teaching of English and Vietnamese. 2 1.4. In actual fact, both Vietnamese learners of English and foreign learners of Vietnamese encounter many difficulties in using address terms in learning as well as in translating from English to Vietnamese and vice versa. They make many mistakes in usage because of a lack of clear understanding of the functions, semantics, pragmatics and culture of each terms (whether to use personal pronoun or noun to address). Therefore, “Address terms in the novel Gone with the wind and their equivalents in Vietnamese translation Cuon theo chieu gio” is essential and need to be conducted. 2. Research objects and aims 2.1. Research objects For this paper, we choose to investigate address terms used in the dialogues of characters in Margaret Mitchell’s novel Gone with the wind (Macmillan Publisher, 2005) and its Vietnamese translation Vu Kim Thu translator’s Cuon theo chieu gio (Thoi Đai Publisher, 2009). This novel was translated into Vietnamese by some authors such as Duong Tuong, Le Cong Thanh. In this thesis, we selected the translation of by Vu Kim Thu translator (Thoi Đai Publisher, 2009). 2.2. Aims of the study This study aims at: - In terms of theory, it aims to identify factors that influence address terms such as: role of communication, attitude in dialogues of the novel Gone with the wind (English version) and the translation Cuon theo chieu gio (Vietnamese version), and the similarities and differences in the use of personal pronoun and nouns of address in English and Vietnamese, thereby making contribution to the theory of address form in general theory of the translation of address form from English into Vietnamese in particular. The practical aim of the study is to apply findings of the study of address terms in the novel Gone with the wind (English) and the Vietnamese translation Cuon theo chiều gió into teaching - learning activity and English - Vietnamse and Vietnamese English translation activity. 3. Tasks of the thesis To conduct this study, the thesis has the following tasks: a. Collect, classify the system of address terms which reflect the interpersonal relationship of communication participants in the novel Gone with 3 the wind by Margaret Mitchell and the translation Cuon theo chieu gio of Vu Kim Thu translator. b. Compare, collect address terms in novel Gone with the wind (English) and the translation Cuon theo chieu gio (Vietnamese), analyzed from two axis: b1) Vertical axis - reflecting social position, power and b2) Horizontal axis - reflecting close relationship, or distance between communicators to identify similarities and differences in terms of number of address terms, the variation in the usage of these terms depending on feelings, psychology, culture, characters' interpersonal relationship in family and society. c. Identify similarities and differences in the use of address terms with models of interpersonal relationships reflected through PPs, nouns of address, expressions of address (EA), and ellipsis (reduced address terms) which are used in communication in the English original and Vietnamese translation. d. Apply research findings which are reflected through models of interpersonal relationship in the teaching - learning activity and translation between English and Vietnamese. 4. Research material and methods 4.1. Research materials We collected and analyzed address terms in characters' conversations in the novel Gone with the wind by Margaret Mitchell and the translation Cuon theo chieu gio of translator Vu Kim Thu. In addition, we used the translation Cuon theo chieu gio by Duong Tuong to make comparison. 4.2. Research methods 4.2.1. Listing and classification We listed the number of address terms including personal pronoun, sub-group of nouns and expressions of address in characters' talk in specific context and classified them into groups and subgroups to draw general observation. 4.2.2. Discourse analysis On the basis of address terms collected using discourse analysis, we described the equivalence between the original and translation in terms of semantics, content, reference system of address terms, communication target and etc. In addition, we analyzed and explained the relationship between language and psychology, culture, society to describe characteristics and translation methods of address terms in characters' conversations in the English original and the Vietnamese translation. 4.2.3. Comparison method 4 We compared characteristics and use of address terms which are suitable with communication role, context and functions of address terms used in the translation from the English original into Vietnamese translation. We did this in order to find similarities and differences in the use of address terms between these two languages. Apart from the above methods, our thesis also used some other methods, such as, systemization, modeling the use of address terms in the two languages (English and Vietnamese), using both qualitative and quantitative methods to have appropriate results. 5. Contribution of the thesis This is the first study about the number of address terms and their translation from English and Vietnamese and the differences in the use of address terms in communication between the English original and Vietnamese translation. 6. Structure of thesis In addition to Introduction, Conclusion, and References, the thesis has 4 chapters: Chapter 1: An overview of past studies and literature review Chapter 2: Personal pronouns were used by characters in the orginal novel Gone with the wind and equivalent translation in Cuon theo chieu gio Chapter 3: Nouns of address were used by characters in the orginal novel Gone with the wind and equivalent translation in Cuon theo chieu gio Chapter 4: Application of research findings into teaching - learning activities and translation of address terms 5 Chapter 1 AN OVERVIEW OF PAST STUDIES AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1. An overview of studies into address terms Until now, many authors have mentioned the topic of address terms (AT) , however, there has not been an agreement on the concepts of address. In the world and in Vietnam, there has been major achievement in the studies of address terms. 1.1.1. History of studies into address terms The issue of AT in English has been studied for a long time: In 1961, Brown, Roger W. and Marguerite Ford in their article Address in American English analyzed address form (AF) in conversations between two participants in many different contexts, with the influence from socio-psychological factors basing on the close relationship of three kinds of AF (first name or surname to address, words of address for absent people (first name or surname) [127, p.371]. In 1968, Hanning, Robert W mentioned the use of AF in middle-aged literature [135, tr.325]. In1973, Eliason Norman E. studied AF and references [133, p.137]. In 1985, Lou Quangquinh wrote about society and culture in naming principles [138, p.3]. In 1988, Braun, F wrote an article about models and the multilingual, multicultural use of AF [126]. Also in 1988, Thai Duy Bao in Constrative analysis of etiquette in English - VietNamese dialogue [5] mentioned PP (PP) and nouns of address (NA) in English. The author wrote: “In English conversation, the use of PP is compulsory and traditional such as PP I, we for the first-person pronoun, interlocutor (the addressor) and PP you for second-person, who is the participant (addressee). These personal pronouns appeared in all communication and social relationships despite differences in social positions, ages and intimacy level between speakers. In other words, it reflects relationships between communication partners, between interlocutor and addressee…” [5, tr.45-46]. In addition, the author also mentioned types of address in English which reflect position but not politeness, and not affected by different shades of communication in different situations… Although address terms in English show equality of address terms and they cannot be replaced by other address terms, depending on characters' attitude and feelings, we can see variation of temporary address terms such as my love, my pet…. In 2006, authors Bull, Peter, Fetzer, and Anita mentioned the strategy of using AF in interviews with government leaders, typically issues surrounding the questions [128, tr.1]. Generally speaking, there have been many studies and articles about AF in English or comparison between English and Russian, Sino, Swiss, Japanese, South African or Vietnamese… but no articles have mentioned the translation of AF in the novel Gone with the wind from English into Vietnamese. 1.1.2. Studies of address terms in Vietnamese 6 In Vietnamese, address terms were first studied by Alexandre De Rodhes in his Dictionary of Vietnamese - Portuguese – Latin, in 1651, he mentioned PP, as well as the nouns indicating kinship (NIK) with addressing functions such as ong, ba, chu, bac, cau… However, in this dictionary, these AF were not complete and did not reflect all terms used in real life. In 1884, Truong Vinh Ky spent 30 pages in his book Grammare de langueannamite to describe PP. Nguyen Van Chien had articles about Locality of kinship nouns in Vietnamese [18], Address terms in Vietnamese [20], Address terms in Vietnamese [21]. In Semantics of conversational lines [58] and pragmatics textbook [59, p.191-197], Do Thi Kim Lien mentioned relevant issues of AF in conversation or in communication between communication participants such as as pairs of interactive AF in asking and answering; the development and conversion of AF with the content of conversation; the development in psychology and emotion of characters which influence the usage. In addition, we must also mention articles about address terms by Bui Minh Yen in the doctoral thesis Addressing in family and society of Vietnamese [119]. The doctoral thesis Address terms originating from kinship nouns in Vietnamese surveyed, described and analyzed carefully, completely and comprehensively about all kinship nouns used to address in communication [31]. In 2012, Truong Thi Diem wrote about Address terms originating from kinship nouns in Catholic community of Vietnamese [32]. In 2012, Truong Thi Minh Phương in her article about Address terms of Vietnamese [79] emphasized some basic characteristics in the use of layers of AF in Vietnamese and some practical applications in communication. In 2014, La Thi Thanh Mai in her doctoral thesis Addressing characteristics of Korean and Vietnamese [64] discussed similarities and differences in address terms in family and society contexts between Koreans and Vietnamese. Having a look at studies about address terms in English and Vietnamese, we see that no studies mentioned the comparison of address terms in communication between English and its Vietnamese translation, with the analysis into a specific novel, therefore, we chose this topic: “Address terms in the novel Gone with the wind and their equivalents in Vietnamese translation Cuon theo chieu gio”. 1.2. Literature review 1.2.1. Overview of address terms AF include PP and NA or EA (this is the basis for our analysis and comparison in chapter 2 and 3) and we call them units of AT used by characters to “address themselves” (self-reference) and “address others” (refer to other people) with the function to position, establish interpersonal relationship and express attitude, feeling, psychology, awareness in communication in family and society. At the same time, AF reflects the intellectual level and national culture, which have been long established in the community and have become the habits of conversation participants. 7 The main function of AF is to establish relationship among communication participants and reflect the attitude and feeling of interlocutors through their three main functions: positioning, reference and showing interpersonal relationship. Units of AT in Vietnamese usually have three functions namely positioning, reference and interpersonal relationship. 1.2.1.3. Address terms in English and Vietnamese Address terms in English and Vietnamese consist of personal pronoun and nouns of address (NA) (surname and first name, NIK, nouns denoting feelings, nouns denoting gender, nouns denoting politeness, objectification nouns, and status nouns) and EA used in specific contexts. 1.2.2. Overview of communication Communication is the exchange and interaction through difference means. In our opinion, communication is information exchange between two or more people in specific contexts and situations. When the first person addresses the second person using a PP or a NA, this created an activity, which is a communication activity. It includes influencing factors such as communication role, communication content, communication purpose, communication context and attitude. 1.2.3. Some relevant issues to equivalence in translation When translating from source language A (English) to target language B (Vietnamese), there may be some circumstances such as complete equivalence, partial equivalence or no equivalence. On this basis, we proposed a diagram showing the interpersonal relationship, which are the expression and the expressed. (see Thesis p.32). Therefore, translation is about finding equivalence (from source language to target language). The equivalent language itself is the communication of language (translation of language determined by the expressed - the content, type, intention, purpose and style of the author and the expression - the characteristics of the language and the translation of the source culture to target culture. 1.2.3.3. Address terms in translation Translation of AT is a linguistic translation activity (about certain units of speech or texts from source language into target language) but it should maintain the content of source language. This is the intercultural process between two or more languages, requiring translators to understand clearly cultural features of both source and target languages so that they can express correctly and accurately the content and meaning of source language. 1.2.3.4. Differences in translating between two languages in terms of cultural issues In translating between two or more languages, AT of both Vietnamese and English reflect politeness and feelings. PP in English only have neutral meaning (he/ him, she/ her, you, we/ us, they/ them), no other PP reflects a sense of formality or informality. Meanwhile, PP in Vietnamese do not show politeness and 8 formality but only neutral feelings (toi, chung toi…), or informality (tao, han...). Apart from PP, there is a large number of NA such as surname and first name, NIK, status nouns, expressions of address (EA)… which can replace PP, even used more than PP. From the above analysis, we can see that the use of AT in Vietnamese has unique cultural meanings, which is different from the use of AT in English 1.2.4. Introduction of Gone with the wind and the translation Cuốn theo chiều gió Gone with the wind [I] is the famous novel by Margaret Mitchell, published in 1936 and won Pulitzer prize in 1937; it was one of the most well-known book and translated into many different languages in the world. The story plot is as follows: The context is in Georgia and Atlanta; the story told how a strong woman living in South America, Scarlett O’Hara, had two find all ways to survive through the war and the difficult life that she experience with her friends, family and beloved people in the South of America during the civil war and reconstruction period. The story was also about a romantic and beautiful love story between Scarlett O’Hara and Rhett Butler. Rhett Butler was in love with Scarlett. But Rhett could not express his love to Scarlett because she was “very cruel towards those who loved her. She took their love and used it as a rod to hit those who loved her”. This is considered a classic, romantic and wonderful love story of our time. 1.3. Summary of chapter 1 In chapter 1, we draw some conclusions: We described the concepts of AF in English and Vietnamese to compare AT between source language (English) and target language (Vietnamese), in a limited scope which is the conversations between characters in Gone with the wind and Vietnamese translation Cuon theo chieu gio: - Basic components of AF are: positioning function, reference function, interpersonal relationship function to describe AT. These functions can mark the role of communication participants to develop their conversations. - Subgroups of AT in Vietnamese communication including: PP, NA such as first name and surname, nouns denoting feelings, nouns denoting gender, status nouns, kinship nouns or EA. They all reflect interpersonal relationship and relevant factors in communication such as: content, purpose and attitude of communication in corresponding contexts of communication participants. - We also mentioned some equivalent units in many other languages such as: concepts of translation, equivalence in translation between the two languages and especially translation methods (English - Vietnamese) via cultural factors. - We have summarized a chart of AT that characters use in English and translated into Vietnamese. These results can be used as a basis for our analysis into their usage, presented in chapter two and three, from which we can identify the similarities and differences and cultural features. 9 Chapter 2 PERSONAL PRONOUNS WERE USED BY CHARACTERS IN THE ORIGINAL NOVEL GONE WITH THE WIND AND EQUIVALENT TRANSLATION IN CUON THEO CHIEU GIO 2.1. Summary of the translation of personal pronouns were used by characters from [I] into [II] In this chapter, we examined PP from 435 conversations in [I] and translated in [II] with many different forms used and a considerable number as shown in table 2.1: Table 2.1: Summary of the translation of PPs were used by characters from [I] into [II] Language PP and percentage The first PP The second PP The third PP Total Percentage English PP 6845 4959 3796 15600 100% Vietnamese PP Ellipsis 4014 1634 143 1178 1200 915 5357 3727 34,3% 23,9% NA 1014 3484 1331 5829 37,4% EA 183 154 350 687 4,4% In forms, there is a change of type of speech of PP from translated from English into Vietnamese (PP → PP and NA) due to some factors affecting conversation participants in terms of interpersonal relationship on the two axes (vertical axis – horizontal axis), in which vertical axis is social relationship, status and according to relationship such as close relationship (love, respect, husband and wife), family relationship, friendship, enemy, hatred... between conversation participants, and reflecting role, hierarchy in family and society, age, gender, position, occupation, attitude, feeling. 2.2. The first person pronoun I, me is used in [I] and equivalent translation in [II] From the first person pronoun I, me is used in [I] and equivalent translation in [II], we give the results: 2.2.1. Translation of the first single personal pronoun I, me Number of times first person pronoun I, me is used in [I] and equivalent translation in [II], which was shown in the table 2.2: Table 2.2: Number of times first person pronoun I, me is used in [I] and equivalent translation in [II] English PP I: 4315 Me: 1659 VietNamese PP Percentage 2493 1047 57,8% 63,1% Ellipsis Percentage 1035 335 24% 20,2% NA Percentage EA Percentage 766 226 17,7% 13,6% 21 51 0,5% 3,1% 10 2.2.2. Translation of the first plural personal pronoun we, us Number of times first plural PP we, us is used in [I] and equivalent translation in [II], which was shown in the table 2.3: Table 2.3: Number of times first plural PP we, us is used in [I] and equivalent translation in [II] English VietNamese PP PP Percentage Ellipsis Percentage EA Percentage NA Percentage We: 577 324 56,2% 169 29,3% 67 11,6% 17 2,9% Us: 294 150 51% 95 32,3% 44 15% 5 1,7% 2.3. Translation of the second personal pronoun in characters’ dialogue from [I] into [II] Number of times second PP you is used in [I] and equivalent translation in [II], which was shown in the table 2.4: Bảng 2.4: Number of times second PP you is used in [I] and equivalent translation in [II] English VietNamese PP NA PP you: 4959 3484 Percentage Ellipsis 70,2% 1178 Percentage EA Percentage PP Percentage 23,8% 154 3,1% 143 2,9% 2.4. Translation of the third personal pronoun in characters’ dialogue from [I] into [II] 2.4.1. Translation of the third single personal pronoun he, him, she, her Number of times third single PP he, him, she, her is used in [I] and equivalent translation in [II], which was shown in the table 2.5: Table 2.5: Number of times third single PP he, him, she, her is used in [I] and equivalent translation in [II] English VietNamese PP NA Percentage PP He: 1051 536 51% 175 16,7% Him: 529 235 44,4% 142 26,9% Percentage Ellipsis Percentage EA Percentage 247 23,5% 93 8,8% 106 20% 46 8,7% 11 She: 826 415 50,2% 212 25,7% 137 16,6% 62 7,5% Her: 373 145 38,9% 106 28,4% 82 22% 40 10,7% 2.4.2. Translation of the third single personal pronoun they, them Number of times third plural PP they, them is used in [I] and equivalent translation in [II], which was shown in the table 2.6: Table 2.6: Number of times third plural PP they, them is used in [I] and equivalent translation in [II] English PP They: 655 Them: 362 VietNamese PP 409 156 Percentage Ellipsis 62,5% 43% 202 141 Percentage EA Percentage NA Percentage 30,8% 39% 44 65 6,7% 18% 0 0 0% 0% 2.5. The personal pronouns were added into the dialogue in the translation Number of times PPs were added (insertion) into the dialogue of [II], which was shown in the table 2.7: Table 2.7: The PPs were added into the dialogue in [II] Number of times The PPs were added The first PP The second PP The third PP Total English VietNamese 0 0 0 0 156 3 76 235 2.6. Similarities and differences in translation of personal pronouns 2.6.1. Similarities - Both English and Vietnamese have PP in the three positions: first PP, second PP, third PP singular and plural which are used by characters in their communication. Also, all PP have neutral shades of meaning and no PP show politeness, interpersonal relationship or gender except for third person singular which shows either male or female. - In English and Vietnamese, first person and third person PP reflect one person (singular) or many people (plural). Second person (you) in English is both singular and plural; in Vietnamese, first person PP such as mình, ta is used for both singular and plural depending on specific context. 2.6.2. Differences 2.6.2.1. In terms of usage rate 12 From the tables were written above, we see that the number of times PPs were used into the communication in the English original version than its in the VietNamese translated version. This was shown in the table 2.8: Table 2.8: The PPs were used into the communication in [I] and [II] Total PP The first PP The second PP The third PP Total English VietNamese Percentage 6845 4959 3796 15600 4170 146 1276 5592 1,6 34 3 2,8 2.6.2.2. In terms of semantics, pragmatics and culture In this thesis, we analyze the differences in AT through characters' conversation in the novel and comparison between English and Vietnamese in terms of equivalence, number of sub-groups; modeling of address terms; semantics, pragmatics, culture 2.7. Summary of chapter 2 Conclusions drawn: - In terms of the number of PP used, PP used in [I] are 2.8 times more than those used in [II]. - In terms of translation activity, PP in [I] is translated on an equivalent basis into [II]; on the basis of content, purpose, attitude of characters, the translator selected different AT to suit communication context. In Vietnamese, emotion is always the most important consideration when addressing other people. With the same person, but in different context and feelings, the use of AT also changes. - In terms of the use of PP, in English, PP does not reflect any interpersonal relationship in both axes (social relationship - family relationship), unaffected by factors such as age, position, relationship, attitude and feeling of communication participants. In Vietnamese, because PP are distributed unevenly, Vietnamese people had to use more NA and EA while translating. Therefore, PP in Vietnamese are various and flexible and depending on the type of object, content, purpose and attitude of communication, each character has to replace PP with suitable NA; depending on interpersonal relationship in terms of communication content, purpose and attitude in different context, speakers should have different choices of AT which are PP, NA, or EA. - In terms of similarities and differences between PP used in the English 13 original and Vietnamese translation, PP in both languages contain politeness (neutral), but there is a clear difference in usage habit. In English, PP usually do not reflect clearly feelings (polite/impolite) as in Vietnamese. Chapter 3 NOUNS OF ADDRESS WERE USED BY CHARACTERS IN THE ORIGINAL NOVEL GONE WITH THE WIND AND EQUIVALENT TRANSLATION IN CUON THEO CHIEU GIO 3.1. Summary of the translation of nouns of address were used by characters from [I] into [II] In this chapter, we examined NA from 435 conversations in [I] and translated in [II] with many different forms used and a considerable number as shown in table 3.1: Table 3.1: Summary of the translation of nouns of address were used by characters from [I] into [II] English VietNamese NA NA Percentage EA Percentage PP Percentage Ellipsis Percentage 2865 1970 68,7% 784 27,4% 63 2,2% 48 1,7% 3.2. Translation of sub-noun groups to address as reflected in character's conversations from [I] to [II] 3.2.1. Translation of surname and full name The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used full name and name in [I] and equivalent translation in [II], which was shown in the table 3.2: Table 3.2: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used surname and full name in [I] and equivalent translation in [II] English VietNamese Surname and full name Surname and full Percentage Ellipsis Percentage EA Percentage PP Percentage NIK Percentage name 1710 1525 89,2% 102 6% 75 4,4% 4 0,2% 4 0,2% 3.2.2. Translation of the nouns indicating kinship The number of times was shown in the table 3.3: Table 3.3: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used the nouns indicating kinship in [I] and equivalent translation in [II] 14 English VietNamese NIK NIK Percentage EA Percentage Ellipsis Percentage 230 154 67% 69 30% 7 3% 3.2.3. Translation of the emotional nouns The number of times was shown in the table 3.4: Table 3.4: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used the nouns indicating kinship in [I] and equivalent translation in [II] English VietNamese The The emotional Ellipsis Percentage NIK Percentage EA Percentage emotional Percentage PP Percentage Name Percentage nouns nouns 144 45 31,3% 33 22,9% 32 22,2% 30 20,8% 2 1,4% 2 1,4% 3.2.4. Translation of the gender nouns The number of times was shown in the table 3.5: Table 3.5: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used the gender nouns in [I] and equivalent translation in [II] English VietNamese The gender nouns The gender nouns Percentage 72 41 56,9% Ellipsis Percentage 13 18,1% EA Percentage 11 15,3% PP Percentage NIK Percentage 5 6,9 2 2,8% 3.2.5. Translation of the nouns denoting politeness The number of times was shown in the table 3.6: Table 3.6: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used the nouns denoting politeness in [I] and equivalent translation in [II] English VietNamese The nouns denoting politeness Ellipsis Percentage NIK Percentage The nouns denoting politeness Percentage EA Percentage PP Percentage 73 38 52,1% 14 19,2% 12 16,4 6 8,2% 3 4,1% 3.2.6. Translation of the materalistic nouns The number of times was shown in the table 3.7: Table 3.7: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used the materalistic nouns in [I] and equivalent translation in [II] English VietNamese 12,8% 4 Percentage 5 Name 12,8% Percentage 5 NIK Ellipsis 46,1% The gender nouns Percentage 18 EA Percentage 39 The emotional nouns Percentage The materalistic nouns Percentage The materalistic nouns Percentage 15 10,3% 3 7,7% 3 7,7% 1 2,6% 3.2.7. Translation of the nouns indicating position and occupation The number of times was shown in the table 3.8: Table 3.8: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used the nouns indicating position and occupation in [I] and equivalent translation in [II] English VietNamese The nouns indicating position and occupation The nouns indicating position and Percentage Ellipsis Percentage 2 1,6% occupation 124 122 98,4% 3.2.8. Translation of the expressions of address Các EA được các nhân vật sử dụng trong [I] và được chuyển dịch sang [II], chúng tôi rút ra những kết quả về số lượng và hình thức được sử dụng như sau: The number of times was shown in the table 3.9: Bảng 3.9: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used the expressions of address in [I] and equivalent translation in [II] English VietNamese EA EA 2072 1974 Percentage Ellipsis Percentage 95,3% 71 3,4% NA Percentage PP Percentage 21 1% 6 0,3% 3.3. The nouns of address were added into the dialogue in the translation Number of times nouns of address were added (insertion) into the dialogue of [II], which was shown in the table 3.10: Table 3.10: The nouns of address were added into the dialogue in [II] English The nouns of address were added into [II] (VietNamese) Total: 327 NA: 0 EA: 0 NIK: 304 Surname and fullname: 13 The nouns indicating position and occupation: 6 The nouns denoting politeness: 4 EA: 32 3.4. Similarities and differences when translating nouns of address in terms of semantics, pragmatics and culture 16 3.4.1. Similarities In Vietnamese and English, characters use both NA and EA and address and they have the following similarities: - NA are first name and surname, NIK, nouns denoting feelings, gender, politeness, objectification, status and EA in both languages convey a sense formality, politeness, love, neutrality and informality. - NA and EA in both languages (English và Vietnamese) identify genders in some NA sub-groups such as NIK, nouns denoting gender, politness and some EA. - In NIK sub-group in both languages, interpersonal relationship in terms of hierarchy, age, position is reflected. - Plural NA (referring to many people) are used in accordance with EA (combination of words) to address. - NA in English and Vietnamese do not change forms when they have the subject or object function in the sentence. However, they do have some differences in number, semantics, pragmatics and culture as follows: 3.4.2. Differences In terms of semantics pragmatics and culture 3.4.2.1. The number of times The number of times was shown in the table 3.11: Table 3.11: The nouns of address were used in the communication in [I] and [II] Language English VietNamese Nouns of address NA Percentage between [I] and [II] 2392 NA ở [I] → NA ở [II]: 1970 PP ở [I] → NA ở [II]: 5829 NA were added in [II]: 327 Total: 8126 3,4 3.4.2.2. In terms of semantics, pragmatics and culture From the above, we can see that NA used and English and Vietnamese do not have one-to-one equivalence (1 - 1) but they are more popular and frequently used in Vietnamese, about 3,4 times; and they are used in English less than in Vietnamese. In addition, we recognize differences in PP in both languages (English and Vietnamese) such as: subgroup form; ranking; use in each sub-group; feelings conveyed; models of types of address. 17 3.5. Summary of chapter 3 From the above analysis, we conclude as follows: - In Vietnamese, communication partners, including both addressor and addressee, use NA (first person and second person and even third person when mentioned), and in English, hardly any NA is used by communication participant to selfaddress himself/herself as the first person, they only do that in second and third person. - In both English and Vietnamese there are NA, but in English, characters use fewer NA to “address”, but only use when address others (second person) or when mentioning the third person in Vietnamese, and in Vietnamese, NA are used to “address” basing on bidirectional relationship between communication partners so it is more diversified and intricate than in English. - In terms of use, NA in Vietnamese, used directly and indirectly can be combined with reference words (này, kia, đó), for plural NA we have to add (các, mấy, những, chúng…) before NA, as for NA in English, only in indirect form, there is a combination with reference words (that, those), for plural we add s or es to the end of NA. - In terms of feeling, in both Vietnamese and English, NA reflect feelings such as formality, politeness, informality, closeness, love, neutrality. However, in Vietnamese, feelings are usually depicted through NA, meanwhile in English there are very few NA that convey feelings, including PP. - In terms of meaning, in Vietnamese there is equal contribution of shades such as: they don’t carry formality or politeness but mainly informality, feelings, impoliteness, therefore, if wishing to convey politeness, formality, interlocutors cannot use AT by PP, but have to use AT by NA such as NIK, surname/name… especially in literature and arts. 18 Chapter 4 APPLICATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS INTO TEACHING-LEARNING ACTIVITIES AND TRANSLATION OF ADDRESS TERMS 4.1. Application of research findings into teaching-learning activities and translation of address terms of characters' speech from [I] to [II] The model of AT reflecting interpersonal relationship between communication partners from [I] to [II] is as follows: The AT model reflects interpersonal relationship among characters; we draw a model of forms of address basing on the times of appearance in novel as follows: 1. Grandparents - grandchildren relationship (2 times): address others ong/ ba... - address onself chau... 2. Parent-child relationship (47 times): address others ba/ cha/ me/ ma... address oneself con/ name (when small Wade)... 3. Aunt/uncle-nephew/niece (24 times): address others bac/ chu/ co/ di... address oneself chau. 4. Sibling/cousin relationship (61 times): address others anh/ chi - address onself anh/ chi/ em. 5. Husband-wife relationship (31 times): address others anh/ name... - address onself toi/ em... 6. Love relationship (13 times): address others anh... - address oneself em... 7. Stepfather/ stepmother – step child (2 times): address others duong/ di... address onself con... 8. Colleague (hierarchy) (3 times): address others sep/ name... - address oneself toi... 9. Social relationship (109 times): address others ong/ ba/ anh/ chi/ name... address oneself toi/ em... 10. Employer-employee relationship (90 times): address others ong/ ba/ co/ may... - address oneself toi/ tao... So in [I] and [II] there are 10 types of addressing models to express interpersonal relationship. From addressing models used in [I] and [II], we propose equivalence when translating units of AT of characters' conversation from [I] into [II] and application of translation research is as follows: 19 4.2. Research findings and proposals for translation and teaching-learning of units of address terms 4.2.1.Research findings in translation of address terms 4.2.1.1. Research findings in the translation of PPs PP can be translated into PP, NA into NA but they can also be translated with a change of type of speech or it may be necessary to use EA in the most accurate equivalent forms of target language so that it is suitable with the context, custom, culture and vice versa, from source language (Vietnamese) into target language (English). In addition, apart from the change of type of speech, we also find the reduction and addition of AT to clarify meaning. 4.2.1.2. Research findings in translation of nouns of address The translation of NA from a source language (English) into target language (Vietnamese) or vice versa (from Vietnamese into English) is usually exactly equivalent with source language in terms of type of speech, vocabulary meaning with original version, therefore, sometimes we have to change the type of speech or use equivalent meaning by using EA in the most equivalent form of the target language so that the translation is suitable with context, customs, culture of each language and vice versa, we have to use implicit meaning (subjectification) or a certain symbol attached with cultural feature of the target language, which is more common than the meaning of source language. 4.2.2. Researching findings in teaching-learning activities of address terms 4.2.2.1. Research findings in teaching-learning activities of address terms It is possible to translate PP into PP, NA into NA but it is also possible to translate by changing type of speech or use EA in the most equivalent form of target language to suit the context, customs, culture and vice versa, from source language (Vietnamese) into target language (English). 4.2.2.2. Research findings in teaching-learning activity of nouns of address The teaching of NA from a source language (English) into target language (Vietnamese) or vice versa (from Vietnamese into English) is usually not exactly equivalent with source language in terms of type of speech or meaning of vocabulary in the original version, therefore, it is necessary to change type of speech or use equivalent meaning by the most equivalent form of EA of the target language to suit context, custom of each language and vice versa, or using implicit meaning (objectification) or a certain symbol attached with cultural feature of the target language, which is more common than the meaning of source language.