Tài liệu Practice test

Practice test Choose the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. There has been a lot of ____ surrounding the government’s proposed scheme. A. controversy B. consent C. conformity D. consequence 2. Our town has a real problem with youth crime, ____ do many other British towns. A. so B. nor C. as D. like 3. Warning: anyone caught stealing from these premises will be _____. A. advocated B. undermined C. prosecuted D. enforced 4. The local authorities need to _____ down on illegal parking, in my opinion. A. hit B. force C. move D. crack 5. If the service isn’t up to standard, I think you have _____ right to complain. A. all B. each C. much D. every 6. Jim’s tough character and certainly won’t let anyone push him ______. A. up B. off C. around D. through 7. The ______ I don’t understand is why Emily lets her boyfriend get away with it. A. reason B. object C. item D. thing 8. My uncle pulled a few _____ and got me a job in the company where he works. A. ropes B. strings C. threads D. chords 9. Although she would have preferred to carry on working, my mum ________ her career in order to have children. A. devoted B. repealed C. sacrificed D. abolished 10. I find the offer quite ____, but I think I’d rather study at Oxford. A. tempting B. desirous C. inclined D. envious 11. I don’t normally like noisy clubs, but I had a sudden _____ to see what the Blue Parrot was like. A.force B.motive C.pressure D.impulse 12. Jerry loves snowboarding so much that it’s almost like a drug ________. A. passion B. obsession C. addition D. requirement 13. I don’t want to do the course in applied statistics, but it’s ______. A. compulsory B. inevitable C. bound D. indecisive 14. Don’t worry about me – I’m quite ______ to sit here and wait for you to come back. A. ecstatic B. delighted C. joyful D. content 15. When I was pregnant, I often got a sudden _____ for tinned sardines. A. preference B. craving C. envy D. greed 16. Thank you for thinking of us, but I’m afraid we’re going to have to _____ your kind invitation. A. decline B. deny C. condemn D. reject 17. I’ve never seen anyone so _____ to their job as Philip is. A. eager B. keen C. dedicated D. interested 18. Why do you have such a _____ with model railways? A. desire B. fascination C. love D. preference 19. I wish you would stop wasting so much time on computer games and do something a little more _____. A. welcome B. enviable C. feasibl D. worthwhile 20.Olivia has always _______ to return to the country she was born in. A. favoured B. yearned C. urged D. inclined 1.A 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.D 6.C 7.D 8.B 9.C 10.A 11.D 12.C 13.A 14.D 15.B 16.A 17.C 18.B 19.D 20.B Read the following passage and choose A, B, C or D to fit each space. The ideal breakfast, say scientists, is a glass of orange juice, a cup of coffee and a (1)..............of cereal. People who start the day (2).............. a drink of vitamin C, a dose of caffeine and a (3)..............of their favourite cereal are happier and perform better (4)............... the morning, Andy Smith, of the University of Bristol, said. A (5) ..............of 600 people who were asked to record their breakfast (6)..............found that those who regularly ate cereal first (7)..............in the morning had a more positive mood compared with those who ate other foods or had (8)..............breakfast. Earlier research had shown that people whose (9).............. performance was measured (10)..............after eating breakfast of any kind performed 10 per cent better on (11)..............of remembering, speed of response and (12) ..............to concentrate, compared with those given only a cup of decaffeinated coffee. In (13).............. research, Professor Smith said that people who drank four cups of coffee a day performed more (14)..............all day than those who drank less. He suggested that sensible employers should (15)..............out free or tea. 1. A. bowl B. pan C. saucer D. pot 2. A. by B. together C. for D. with 3. A. amount B. helping C. quantity D. piece 4.A.throughout B.while C.along D.when 5. A. search B. study C. research D. check 6. A. habits B. ways C. traditions D. uses 7. A. hour B. time C. point D. thing 8. A. none B. no C. not D. nothing 9. A. mental B. sensible C. intelligent D. psychological 10.A. later B. following C. suddenly D. immediately 11.A.examinations B. trials C. Tests D. investigations 12. A. skill B. ability C. power D. strength 13. A. farther B. further C. another D. longer 14. A. well B. better C. profitably D. efficiently 15. A. put B. get C. give D. throw 1.A 9.A 2.D 10.D 3.B 11.C 4.A 12.B 5.B 13.B 6.A 7.D 8.B 14.D 15.C Read the text below and choose the best answer to each question. Many ants forage across the countryside in large numbers and undertake mass migrations; these activities proceed because one ant lays a trail on the ground for the others to follow. As a worker ant returns home after finding a source of food, it marks the route by intermittently touching its stinger to the ground and depositing a tiny amount of trail pheromone – a mixture of chemicals that delivers diverse messages as the context changes. These trails incorporate no directional information and may be followed by other ants in either direction. Unlike some other messages, such as the one arising from a dead ant, a food trail has to be kept secret from members of other species. It is not surprising then that ant species use a wide variety of compounds as trail pheromones. Ants can be extremely sensitive to these signals. Investigators working with the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant Atta texana calculated that one milligram of this substance would suffice to lead a column of ants three times around Earth. The vapor of the evaporating pheromone over the trail guides an ant along the way, and the ant detects this signal with receptors in its antennae. A trail pheromone will evaporate to furnish the highest concentration of vapor right over the trail, in what is called a vapor space. In following the trail, the ant moves to the right and left, oscillating from side to side across the line of the trail itself, bringing first one and then the other antenna into the vapor space. As the ant moves to the right, its left antenna arrives in the vapor space. The signal it receives causes it to swing to the left, and the ant then pursues this new course until its right antenna reaches the vapor space. It then swings back to the right, and so weaves back and forth down the trail. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? A. The mass migration of ants B. How ants mark and follow a chemical trail C. Different species of ants around the world D. The information contained in pheromones 2. The word “forage” is closest in meaning to A. look up B. walk toward C. revolve around D. search for food 3. The word “intermittently” is closest in meaning to A. periodically B. incorrectly C. rapidly D. roughly 4. The phrase “the one” refers to a single A. message B. dead ant C. food trail D. species 5. According to the passage, why do ants use different compounds as trail pheromones? A. To reduce their sensitivity to some chemicals B. To attract different types of ants C. To protect their trail from other species D. To indicate how far away the food is 6. The author mentions the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant in line 10 to point out A. how little pheromone is needed to mark a trail B. the different types of pheromones ants can produce C. a type of ant that is common in many parts of the world D. that certain ants can produce up to one milligram of pheromone 7. According to the passage, how are ants guided by trail pheromones? A. They concentrate on the smell of food. B. They follow an ant who is familiar with the trail C. They avoid the vapor spaces by moving in a straight line. D. They sense the vapor through their antennae. 8. The word “furnish” is closest in meaning to A. include B. provide C. cover D. select 9. The word “oscillating“ is closest in meaning to A. falling B. depositing C. swinging D. starting 10. According to the passage, the highest amount of pheromone vapor is found A. in the receptors of the ants B. just above the trail C. in the source of food D. under the soil along the trail 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. A 5. C 6. A 7. D 8. B 9. C 10. B Choose the word or phrase that best fits the space in each sentence. 1. If you have anything important to do, do it straight away. Don't put it ------------A. on B. off C. over D. up 2. The plane from Dallas --------- two hours late, so I missed my connecting flight from Frankfurt to London. A. took off B. took on C. left on D. left out 3. No one liked the new lecturer, so there was a gradual ---------- in the attendance st his lectures. A. fall-through B. fall-out C. fall-off D. fall-in 4. ----------, Carol is very punctual, but she was late tonight. A. For a rule B. Like a rule C. As a rule D. For a rule of thumb 5. 'What did Professor Spencer say when you asked him if the final exam could be postponed?' ‘He said that it was out of ------------- because there's no time to reschedule the test.' A. the question B. order C. all proportion D. reach 6. I was talking to my aunt when suddenly my cousin Gorge ----------------- in our conversation. A, interrupted B. broke C. went D. intervened 7. Solar heat penetrates more deeply into water than-------------A. it is penetrating into soil B. it does into soil C. does it into soil D. that it does into soil 8. ------------- on barren slopes can help prevent erosion. A. Trees to be planted B. Planting trees C. Trees being planted D. That trees are planted 9. He has been unable to find a job ---------------- with his ability as an accountant. A. appropriate B. suitable C. requisite D. commensurate 10. --------------- my eyes around the room but could not see her. A. flung B. tossed C. threw D. cast 11. Income tax rates are usually ------------ to one's annual income. A. related B. dependent C. associated D. adapted 12. They came to inspect the house --------------- buying it. A. in the event of B. with reference to C. with a view to D. on account of 13. As they watched the football match the huge crowd------------ in unison. A. chanted B. intoned C. crowed D. bellowed 14. Don't count on him. He's liable to -------------out if things get too difficult. A. let B. be C. opt D. stop 15. The car needs a complete----------------A. haul-up B. mending C. check-up D. overhaul 16. They decided to --------------in a visit to their relations when they were on holiday. A. fill B. fit C. put D. manage 17. In this assignment, we will ------------------ your work and then give you detailed feedback on how to improve your writing. A. assess B. judge C. measure D. test 18. In a seminar or tutorial, everyone should take part rather than allow one person to ------------ the discussion. A. overwhelm B. dominate C. oppress D. empower 19. Although it is impossible to give a -------------age, we believe that the woman was between 25 and 30 when she died. A. clear B. certain C. absolute D. definite 20. Many people were killed instantly at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but thousands more died from ----------------radiation sickness. A. succeeding B. following C. subsequent D. afterwards 1. B 11. A 2. A 12. C 3. C 13. A 4. C 14. C 5. A 15. D 6. D 16. C 7. B 17. A 8. B 18. B 9. D 19. D 10. D 20. C Read the following passage and decide which option A, B, C or D best fits each space The elementary means of communicating with other people is ... (1) messages by voice. This fact is widely....... (2) and we recognize the voice as a.......... (3) characterizing the identity of a person. The array of voices is immeasurable as no two are exactly similar. They can be nasal, resonant or shrill produced in .......(4) with the individual physical ........5) of the throat. One possible....... (6) of the art of voice recognition is voice profiling used by police analysts as a method of ..........(7) court evidence in trials. Every year thousands of audiotapes with recorded interviews or casual utterances are ......... (8) the purpose to help identify the probable culprit. Specialists dealing with the voice investigation claim that people can ........... (9) themselves away by their accents, inflections or other voice attributes like pitch, intensity and loudness. A recorded sample is usually........(10) into electric impulses and later transformed into a pictorial recording which is processed by a computer program. Very frequently voice analysts have a .......(11) at deciphering the relevant information which may be .......(12) with background noise or other interfering sounds until they ......... (13) the desired results. Thankfully, these efforts help the police detect individuals who threaten their victims by phone or inform about bomb .......(14) or those who make offensive calls .....(15) the peace of decent citizens. 1. A. commuting B. discharging 2. A. reassured B. acknowledged 3. A. feature B. matter 4. A. consent B. accordance 5. A. tendencies B. credentials 6. A. operation B. handling 7. A. substantiating B. facilitating 8. A. used B. Put 9. A. give B. turn 10. A. reformed B. exchanged 11. A.stake B.stag 12. A. infused B. Mingled 13. A. attain B. manouevre 14. A. situating B. Deploying 15. A. distracting B. Dismantling C. informing C.declared C.token C.dependence C. assets C. implementation C. pledging C. employed C. prove C. adjusted C. stag C.related C. Elaborate C. planting C. Dispersing D. conveying D. reckoned D. label D.support D. properties D. treatment D. withstanding D.set D.tell D. converted D. stab D. intruded D. succeed D. settling D. disturbing 1.D 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. D 6. C 7.A 8.B 9.A 10.D 11.D 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.D Read the following passage and circle the best answer to each of the following questions In the folklore of the Navajo people, it was said that frogs and toads fell from the sky when it rained. The phenomenon that gave rise to this belief involved the spadefoot toad, which remains dormant beneath the Sonoran Desert of Arizona, avoiding the heat and drought for as long as eight or nine months. With the onset of summer thunderstorms, however, the roads respond to the vibrations of drumming raindrops and emerge, as if fallen from the sky with the rain, to begin their brief and frantic mating season. The male spadefoot sits in a muddy pool and fills the night with his calls, attempting to attract a female of the same species. Once a female joins him, she may lay as many as 1,000 eggs in the small pool of life-sustaining rainwater. From that point it's a race against the elements for the young, who must hatch and mature with remarkable speed before the pool evaporates beneath the searing desert sun. As the pool grows smaller and smaller, it became thick with tadpoles fighting for survival in the mud, threatened not only by the loss of their watery nest but also by devouring insects and animals. In as few as nine days after fertilization of the eggs, those lucky enough to survive develop through each tadpole stage and finally emerge as fully formed toads. After gorging themselves on insects, the young toads like their parents, burrow underground, where they will lie dormant awaiting the next summer's storms. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? A. Navajo folklore B. Weather in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona C. The habits of the spadefoot toad D. The mating rituals of the male spadefoot 2. According to the passage, the spadefoot toad A. is dormant for as long as nine months B. reproduces during winter rains C. eats leaves and grasses D. develops very slowly 3. Which of the following is NOT true of the spadefoot? A. They are active only three to four months a year. B. The female lays their eggs in pools of water. C. The searing desert sun is their only enemy. D. Many tadpoles die before they reach maturity. 4. It can be concluded from the passage that A. spadefoot toads could exist for years without rain. B. the Navajo legends are based on acute observation . C. spadefoot toads are well adapted to their environment. D. the chances of a tadpole's becoming an adult are very great. 5. The author is most likely a A. botanist B. biologist C. chemist D. geographer 6. This passage is most likely followed by a passage on A. weather patterns in the Sonoran Desert B. methods of reproduction among insects C. dwellings of the Navajo people D. other desert animals 7. The word 'frantic' is closest in meaning to A. lengthy . excited C. froglike D. dangerous 8. The word 'elements' could be best replaced by A. weather B. time C. environment D. thunderstorms 9. The word 'gorging' is closest in meaning to A. mating B. digging C. enjoying D. devouring 10. Where in the passage is the geographic location that the spadefoot toads inhabit mentioned? A. line 1 B. line 2-3 C. line 8 D. line 12 – 13 1. C 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. B 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. C 10. B Choose the word or phrase that best fits the space in each sentence. 1. Air, food and water are _______ to human beings. A. unquestionable B. indebted C. undeniable D. indispensable 2. The court's decision is seen as a major _______ to their authority. A. hit B. blow C. damage D. undermining 3. In the _______ of any clear leadership, the rebellion collapsed. A. lack B. omission C. absence D. vacancy 4. Her political future is now hanging by a _______. A. rope B. cord C. thread D. string 5. Now here's an _______ on the main news story we've been covering. A. upshot B. update C. upgrade D. upturn 6. At the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, the ___ ___ of teachers to students is very high. A. proportion B. Ratio C. number D. percentage 7. I'm a bit concerned _______ how the new law might affect our business. A. in B. as C. for D. about 8. The planes were delayed and the hotel was awful, but ______ we still had a good time. A. on the contrary B. by the same token C. on top of all that D. for all that 9. Because of rapid technological progress, the computers being made today will be _______ in five years’ time. A. outdone B. extinct C. retired D. obsolete 10. I'd just as _______ have a quiet meal at home as eat out. A. soon B. rather C. well D. much 11. He has been in _______ ever since he was convicted of taking bribes. A. shame B. disrepute C. reproach D. disgrace 12. He was clearly nervous: he was sitting right on the _______ of his chair. A. outside B. edge C. tip D. border 13. They had a terrible row _______ who should do the housework. A. on B. with C. over D. relating 14. Lack of rain early in the season meant that the fields _______ poor crop. A. surrendered B. generated C. yielded D. suffered 15. New peace proposals were _______ at the recent Middle East conference. A. shown off B. spoken out C. put forward D. made 1. D 9. D 2. B 10. A 3. C 11D. 4.C 12.B 5. B 13. C 6. B 14. C 7. D 15. C 8.D Choose the best answer to complete these sentences. 1. General Custer was confident of victory despite being vastly __________ by the enemy. A. outnumbered B. outclassed C. overcome D.overtaken 2. The lawyer insisted that his client ____________never have been arrested in the first place A. must B. should C. would D. could 3. I wish the neighbors_____________ making so much noise A. would stop B. will stop C. stopped D.stopping 4. This painting stands a good ______________ of winning a prize A. possibility B. opportunity C. certainty D. chance 5. I expect ___________the course next year A. completing B. to complete C. will comple D. completed 6. Do not _____________ the driver while the bus is in motion A. disturb B. distract C. convert D. interrupt 7. At their time of year farmers____________ their crops and store them for winter A. gather B. remove C. pick up D. take in 8. The cliffs on this part of the coast are being_______________ by the sea A. worn B. eroded C. demolished D. deteriorated 9. Anyone ___________ticket has been stolen should contact the airline immediately A. his B. their C. whose D. which 10. Mrs. Archer is known ______________the finest collection of twentieth century art in private hands A. as hand B. having C. by having D. to have 11. He __________ his life to the skill of the surgeons A. owes B. keeps C. preserves D. maintains 12. ______________ we understand his reasons, we cannot condone his behavior A. Even if B. Only if C. What if D. As if 13. I don’t think that this fashion will_____________ A. catch on B. catch up C. catch out D. catch over 14. If you do not repay the money we will, as a last______________, take you to the court A. measure B. attempt C. act D. resort 15. The two train came______________ ten meters of collision A. just B. near C. within D. almost 16. All but two of the injured were______________ from hospital within twenty-four hours A. discharged B. released C. sent D. allowed 17. He was awarded a medal in ________________of his services to the Queen A. view B. recognition C. regard D. light 18. _____________had I left the hotel when I was surrounded by the photographers A. No sooner B. Immediately C. Just D. Hardly 19. You must refrain ______________ tea or coffee while taking this medicine A. to drink B. from drinking C. drink D. drinking 20. There is nothing we can do ______________than wait A. except B. other C. rather D. moreover 1. A 2.B 11. A 12.A 3.A 4.D 13.A 14.D 5.B 15.C 6.B 16.A 7.A 17. B 8.B 18.D 9.C 19.B 10.D 20.B Read the following passage and decide which option A, B, C or D best fits each space. The latest addiction to trap thousands of people is the Internet, which has been (1).................... for broken relationships, job losses, financial ruin, and even suicide. Psychologists now recognize Internet Addiction Syndrome (IAS) (2)..................... a new illness that could (3).....................serious problems and ruin many lives. Special help groups have been set up to (4)....................sufferers help and support. Psychologists have described many worrying examples, (5).................one man who took his own life after (6) ................... more than ₤ 14,000 to feed his addiction, and a teenager who had to receive psychiatric treatment for his 12-hour-a-day (7)....................."This illness is not fake, and it must be (8....................seriously," said an expert in behavioral addiction at Nottingham Trent University. "These are not sad people with serious personality defects; they are people who were fine (9).................. they found the Internet." IAS is similar (10).................... other problems like gambling, smoking and drinking: addicts have dreams about the Internet; they need to use it first thing in the morning; they (11)....................to their partners about how much time they spent online; they wish they could cut down, but are unable to do so. A recent study found that many users spend up to 40 hours a week on the Internet; (12).........................they felt guilty, they became depressed if they were made to stop using it. (13)................ anyone can be at risk. Some of the addicts are teenagers who are already hooked on computer games and who (14)..................it very difficult to resist the games on the Internet. Surprisingly, (15....................., psychologists say that most victims are middle-aged housewives who have never used a computer before. 1. A. blamed 2. A. like 3. A. lead 4. A. offer 5. A. consisting 6. A. gaining 7. A. custom 8. A. considered 9. A. before 10. A. with 11. A. betray 12. A. although B. faulted B. such B. affect B. suggest B. including B. lending B. habit B. realized B. after B. to B. deceive B. despite C. mistaken C. as C. take C. recommend C. comprising C. borrowing C. manner C. thought C. as soon as C. as C. cheat C. unless D. accused D. for D. cause D. advise D. composing D. winning D. routine D. taken D. when D. in D. lie D. without 13. A. Nearly all 14. A. say 15. A. but 1. A 9. A 2. C 10. B B. Most of B.feel B. therefore 3. D 11. D 4. A 12. A C. Most C. find C. however 5. B 13. D 6. C 14. C 7. B 15. C D. Almost D. have D. so 8. D Choose the word, phrase or expression which best completes each sentence. 1. A number of houses were ________ so that a new school could be built. A. wiped out B. destroyed C. demolished D. attacked 2. “I’m sorry, Mrs. Thomson. I didn’t break the clock ________ purpose,” said the little girl. A. by B. on C. with D. for 3. Lama: “________, Lily?” Lily: “Oh, terrific. Thanks.” A. What did you do during your geography field trip? C. How did you spend your geography field trip? B. How was your geography field trip D. Did you have a nice geography field trip? 4. It is commonly known that the Greenhouse Effect occurs ________ heat radiated from the Sun. A. when the earth’s atmosphere trap C. when the earth’s atmosphere is trapped B. when does the earth’s atmosphere trap D. when the earth’s atmosphere traps 5. The floor was so rotten that it almost gave ________ under Tommy’s weight. A. way B. away C. back D. up 6. Boss: “Have you been able to reach that customer?” Secretary: “________.” A. Oh, there’s no approval C. It’s much too high to reach B. Yes, I have known him for 6 years D. Oh, no. The line’s busy 7. In Vietnam, many ________ crafts such as weaving and embroidering are now being revised. A. ordinary B. traditional C. habitual D. customary 8. ________, Mike always feels lonely and unhappy. A. Despite his wealthy C. Rich as is he B. However rich he is D. In spite of his being wealth 9. About 600 years ago, ________ that glass coated with silver nitrate would turn yellow when fired in oven. A. the discovery C. it was discovered B. it discovered D. it was discovering 10. Tom: “Do you want me to give you a hand with the washing?” Maria: “________.” A. No, thanks. You can say that again C. Of course, not for me B. No, thanks. I can manage it myself D. Thanks. Your hands are so warm. 11. Jack promised to join us for dinner, but, to our disappointment, he didn’t ________. A. turn up . take in C. make off D. pull out 12. The explorers ________ for two days without food before they ________ a small cottage under an oak. A. has been walking / saw C. had been walking / saw B. were walking / saw D. walked / had seen 13. ________ blue whale, breathes air through a hole at the top of its head. A. The C. The largest B. The largest mammal D. The largest mammal, the 14. Bob: “Take care of yourself, Kevin.” Kevin: “________.” A. Yes, I do B. Not at all C. I will D. You’re welcome 15. I think my car needs________. It stops running every five or six miles. A. to repair B. repairing C. to be repairing D. repaired 16. No sooner ________ home ________ that the house had been broken into. A. had Ms. Taylor arrived / when she found C. had Ms. Taylor arrived / than she found B. had Ms. Taylor arrived / than she finds D. did Ms. Taylor arrive / when she found 17. Mark: “Do you think that smoking should be banned in public.” Veronica: “________.” A. Yes, it’s an absurd idea C. Of course not. You bet B. Well, that’s very surprising D. There’s no doubt about it. 18. ________ to her cousin’s wedding party, she would not have met her old friend, Bob. A. If Sarah didn’t go C. Had Sarah not gone B. If Sarah hasn’t gone D. Has Sarah not gone 19. The long journey in an ________ car made the little boy tired out. A. air-condition B. air-conditioned C. air-conditioner D. air-conditioning 20. The reporters thought that the football manager would be depressed by his dismissal, but he just ________. A. ran it down B. called it off C. laughed it off D. turned it down 1. C 11. A 2. B 3. B 12. C 13. D 4. D 5. A 6. D 7. B 8. B 14. C 15. B 16. C 17. D 18. C 9. C 10. B 19. B 20. C Read the following passage and circle the best answer to each of the following questions. The biologist's role in society as well as his moral and ethical responsibility in the discovery and development of new ideas has led to a reassessment of his social and scientific value systems. A scientist can no longer ignore the consequences of his discoveries; he is as concerned with the possible misuses of his findings as he is with the basic research in which he is involved. This emerging social and political role of the biologist and all other scientists requires a weighing of values that cannot be done with the accuracy or the objectivity of a laboratory balance. As a member of society, it is necessary for a biologist now to redefine his social obligations and his functions, particularly in the realm of making judgments about such ethical problems as man's control of his environment or his manipulation of genes to direct further evolutionary development. As a result of recent discoveries concerning hereditary mechanisms, genetic engineering, by which human traits are made to order, may soon be a reality. As desirable as it may seem to be, such an accomplishment would entail many value judgments. Who would decide, for example, which traits should be selected for change? In cases of genetic deficiencies and disease, the desirability of the change is obvious, but the possibilities for social misuse are so numerous that they may far outweigh the benefits. Probably the greatest biological problem of the future, as it is of the present, will be to find ways to curb environmental pollution without interfering with man’s constant effort to improve the quality of his life. Many scientists believe that underlying the spectre of pollution is the problem of surplus human population. A rise in population necessitates an increase in the operations of modern industry, the waste products of which increase the pollution of air, water, and soil. The question of how many people the resources of the Earth can support is one of critical importance. Although the solutions to these and many other problems are yet to be found, they do indicate the need for biologists to work with social scientists and other members of society in order to determine the requirements necessary for maintaining a healthy and productive planet. For although many of man’s present and future problems may seem to be essentially social, political, or economic in nature, they have biological ramifications that could affect the very existence of life itself. 1. According to the passage, a modern scientist should be more concerned about ____. A .his basic research B. the development of new ideas C. his manipulation of genes D. the consequences of his discoveries 2. The pronoun "it" in paragraph 2 refers to ____. A. a reality B. an accomplishment C. genetic engineering D.hereditary mechanism 3. It is implied in the passage that genetic engineering ____. A. may do us more harm than good B. is no longer desirable C. is the most desirable for life D. will change all human traits 4. The pronoun "they" in paragraph 2 refers to ____. A. discoveries concerning hereditary mechanisms B. effects of genetic engineering misuse C. cases of genetic deficiencies D. possibilities for genetic deficiencies 5. What is probably the most important biological problem mentioned in the passage? A. social and economic deficiencies B. manipulation of genes C. genetic engineering misuse D. environmental pollution 6. The word "which" in paragraph 3 refers to ____. A. activities of an overpopulated society's industry B. the waste products dumped into our environment C. activities of surplus human population D. serious environmental pollution 7. The word "underlying" in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by "____". A. noticing B. causing C. finding D. depriving 8. According to the passage, to save our planet, biologists should work A. harder and harder B. accurately and objectively C. on social and political purposes D. with other social scientists 9. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word "ramifications" in paragraph 4? A. useful experiments B. effective techniques C. harmful consequences D. latest developments 10. What is the author's purpose in this passage? A. To conduct a survey of the biologist's role in society B. To urge biologists to solve the problem of surplus human population C. To emphasize the biologist's role in solving the world's problems D. To advise biologists to carry out extensive research into genetic engineering 1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. D 6. A 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. C Choose the best answer (A, B, C or D to complete each sentence below. 1. ……………… gene in the human genome to be thoroughly understood, many human diseases could be cured or prevented. A. Each B. Since C. If each D. Were each 2. It could have been a lot worse …………………… there. A. when he had not been B. for he had not been C. whether or not he had been D. had he not been 3. Professor Alan insisted that every student ……………… their report by Friday. A. finish B. finishes C. finished D. had finished 4. At school he had a good academic record, also ……………… at sports. A. prevailed B. excelled C. surpassed D. achieved 5. They are unlikely to find any new evidence because so much time has ……………… since the crime. A. spanned B. postponed C. lapsed D. elapsed 6. My mother ……… when she found out that I’d forgotten to do the washing-up again. A. stood her ground B. hit the ceiling C. felt off color D. made my blood boil 7. Only during the early 20th century ……………… in the United State. A. liquor was prohibited then B. that liquor was prohibited C.was liquor prohibited D.did liquor prohibited 8. ……………… a scholarship, I entered the frightening and unknown territory of private education. A. to award B. to be awarded C. having awarded D. having been awarded 9. Jane was full of ……………… towards her stepmother. A. retribution B. resentment C. reprisal D. vengeance 10. I caught the last bus by the skin of my ……………… A. teeth B. leg C. neck D. mouth 11. I read the contract again and again ……………… avoiding making spelling mistakes. A. in terms of B. with a view to C. by means of D. in view of 12. The confident trickster ……………… the old lady out of her life savings. A. swindled B. robbed C. deceived D. misled 13. It was with a ……………… heart that she said goodbye to all her colleagues. A. solemn B. heavy C. dismal D. grim 14. In front of the gate ……………… the guard. A. did B. does C. did stand D. stood 15. They live in a very ……………………. populated area of Italy. A. sparsely B. scarcely C. hardly D. barely 16. He was given a full set of golf …………………… as a retirement present A. bats B. clubs C. sticks D. posts 17. ……………… I can’t make the presentation myself, I’ve asked my assistant to be prepared to do it for me. A. For B. In the event that C. Only if D. On the other hand 18. The current political …………… of our country is favorable for foreign investment. A. climate B. weather C. temperature D. state 19. Someone who is out of work and claiming money from the government can be said to be ……………… A. on the dole B. on the pull C. on the razzle D. on the level 20. ………………, he felt so unhappy and lonely. A. Despite of his riches B. Rich as was he C. Rich though he was D. Despite of the fact that he was rich 1. D 11. B 2. D 12. A 3.A 13. B 4. B 14.D 5D. 15. A 6. B 16. B 7. C 17. B 8. D 18. A 9. B 19. A 10.A 20. C Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word(s) to each of the questions. People’s personalities (1) ……….. considerably from one another (2) ……….. there are no two alike. Our ingrained characters which (3) ……….. the patterns of our behavior, our reactions and temperaments are unparalleled (4) ………… account of the diversified processes that (5) ……….. our personality in the earliest (6) ……….. of human development. Some traits of character may to some (7) ……….. be hereditary simulating the attributes that (8) …….. our parents. Others may stem (9) ……. the conditions experienced during pregnancy and infancy in this way reflecting the parents’ approach towards (10) …….. their offspring. Consequently, the environmental factor (11) …….. a crucial role in strengthening or eliminating (12) ………….. behavioral systems making an individual more prone to comfort to the patterns that (13) ………..a prize. Undoubtedly, human personality (14) ……….. the most profound and irreversible formation during the first period of its development, yet some characteristics may still be subject (15) ………….. considerable changes conditioned by different circumstances and situations. 1. A. distinguish B. converge C. vary D. differentiate 2. A. however B. as C. thus D. due to 3. A. denote B. resolve C. inflict D. determine 4. A. to B. with C. on D. in 5. A. mould B. design C. conceive D. fabricate 6. A. states B. instants C. stages D. terms 7. A. scope B. area C. extent D. length 8. A. pertain B. recognize C. associate D. identify 9. A. from B. to C. in D. for 10. A. breeding B. rearing C. growing D. yielding 11. A. makes B. does C. finds D. plays 12. A. plenty B. certain C. little D. lots 13. A. yearn B. deserve C. wish D. necessitate 14. A. underact B. undertakes C. undergoes D. underlies 15. A. on B. of C. for D. to 1. C 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. D 9. A 10. B 11. D 12. B 13. B 14. C 15. D Choose the best answer (A, B, C, or D) to each of the following questions and write your answers in the correspondent numbered boxes. 1. His parents have problems……………………….money from their account to his overseas. A. conveying B. delivering C. transferring D. depositing 2. It's me who gave him………………………….instructions about what to say in the meeting. A. specialized B. specific C. detailed D. exact 3. There were so many people at the party, so the food was …………………..up carefully. A. separated B. split C. cut D. divided 4. The trainer told us to……………………..the horse slowly and quietly. A. gallop B. approach C. draw D. deal 5. I don't think that remote control………………………to this particular of TV. A. corresponds B. fits C. suits D. coincides 6. People who know about wines will choose one that……………………. their meal. A. fixes B. complements C. fits D. matches 7. On the legal profession, men……………………………. women by five to one. A; outnumber B. supersede C. overcome D. outclass 8. I must have this watch repaired; it……………….over twenty minutes a day. A. increases B. progresses C. accelerates D. gains 9. Luckily my wallet was handed in to the police with all its content…………………….. A. preserved B. unscathed C. unchanged D. intact 10. The decision was………………………………to a later meeting. A. cancelled B. arranged C. deferred D. delayed 11. A minority of the committee members were dissatisfied with the decision and endeavoured to…………………………….it. A. overturn B. abolish C. postpone D. re-do 12. I will only sign the contract on my own…………………. A. means B. demands C. terms D. requirements 13. In the end she…………………….the form in disgust, and threw it away. A. tore up B. worked out C. filled in D. put off 14. The company makes a loss again this year and is…………………………..at the moment. A. in the red B. in the white C. in the black D. in the blue 15. I’ve just been offered a new job! Things are ……………………………… A. turning up B. looking up C. making up D. clearing up 16. If this animal had escaped from its cage it could …………………..have killed or maimed several people. A. simply B. surely C. well D. fairly 17. He is one of the founders of the company so he has the rules…………………….. . A. by his fingertips B. at his fingertips C. in his fingertips D. on his fingertips 18. Helen is very much in............................of her father. A. respect B. admiration C. regard D.awe 19. Stephen felt………………………….. about changing his job. A. apprehensive B. afraid C. indecisive D. anxious 20. Tempers began to…………………………….as some rebellious students jumped onto the stage. A. break B. fray C. grate D. fire 1. C 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.A 6. B 7.A 8.D 9.D 10.C 11. A 12.C 13.A 14.A 15.B 16.C 17.B 18.D 19.A 20.B Read the following passage and circle the letter A, B, C or D next to the right answer to complete the passage below. COSMETIC SURGERY What makes someone decide on plastic surgery? An actor explains: “I (1)............after my father in appearance. His nose is big but mine was huge, and it got me (2)..............I couldn’t (3)............a normal life. At school, the other children (4)..............jokes about my nose, and I (5) .............stand seeing myself in television plays. I thought I looked like a monster! The nose caused health problems as well: because of its shape, I couldn’t breathe (6) ..........., and I had a permanent (7) ............throat. “The doctor (8)............I should have an operation. I was nervous but my wife (9).............me. The operation went well, but my whole face (10)................afterwards and I had two terrible black eyes, I had to keep the bandage on my nose for a while and the (11)..............didn’t disappear for ages. It was months before I dared return to work. “But I’m not (12)...............in the result. My breathing problems have (13) ..............and I no longer feel self-conscious or (14)...............about my appearance. I only regret I didn’t go into the design of my nose in greater (15)..............I chose a purely practical nose, but now I would rather have a more beautiful one. I suppose that sounds vain!” 1. A. ask 2. A. off B. go B. down C. look C. over D. take D. through 3. A. direct 4. A. did 5. A. didn’t 6. A. properly 7. A. hurt 8. A. suggested 9. A. recommended 10. A. harmed 11. A. scratches 12. A. disappointed 13. A. cleared up 14. A. embarrassed 15 A.detail 1. D 9. C 2. B 10. B B. spend B. laughed B. couldn’t B. exactly B. ill B. persuaded B. moved B. ached B. damages B. disgusted B. set off B. depressing B.feature 3. D 11. C 4. C 12. A 5. B 13. B C. produce C. made C. shouldn’t C. justly C. sick C. advised C. encouraged C. injured C. bruises C. displeased C. passed out C. disturbing C.part 6. A 14. D 7. D 15.A D. lead D. spoke D. wouldn’t D. accurately D. sore D. told D. relieved D. pained D. sprains D. dissatisfied D.fallen through D. excited D.point 8. A Choose the word or phrase that best fits the space in each sentence. 1. When I mentioned the party, he was all ears. A.deaf B.partially deaf C.listening neglectfully D.listening attentively 2. The prospects of picking up any survivors are now …………… A. thin B. narrow C. slim D. restricted 3. She may win and surprise us all but I wouldn’t ............ on it. A. guess B. back C. stake D. bet 4. Hopes are………. of finding the missing boat. A. darkening B. going C. fading D. draining 5. Owen's second goal was ............ because he was off-side. A banned B. disqualified C. disallowed D. outlawed 6. All commercial kitchens must satisfy the stringent……….. of the health authorities A. requirements B. needs C. terms D. qualifications 7. I suppose he could........... have reached the summit on his own, but I doubt it. A. conceivably B. credibly C. imaginatively D. believably 8. The estate agent assured us that we could .......... the house at any time. A look over B. overlook C. oversee D. see through 9. The ……….. are against her winning a fourth consecutive gold medal. A. chances B. bets C. prospects D. odds 10. Have you ever really ……………up to your parents? A. spoken B. reached C. worked D. stood 11. You should be .......... ashamed of yourself for what you’ve done. A. thoroughly B. hopelessly C. entirely D. earnestly 12. Nobody from the President down should imagine they are ......... the law. A. beyond B. over C. within D. above 13. I’m not at all put out by their decision. .........., I welcome it. A. All the same B. On the contrary C. In contrast D. On the other hand 14. Wouldn’t you agree that there is .......... excuse for what he did? A. any B. some C. the D. much 15. The company's .......... has exceeded £1,000,000 for the first time. A. output B. outgoing C. input D. turnover 16. We must be careful not to put the cart before the........... A. bull B. horse C. pony D. cabbage 17. As far as costs …………, there’s little difference between the two options. A. concern B. matter C. go D. make 18. We were facing the………….competition imaginable. A. stiffest B. strictest C. fullest D. hardest 19. …………….. regards the future, I think we'll just have to wait and see. A. With B. As C. In D. What 20. The text doesn’t give you the answer explicitly – you have to ……… it from the evidence. A. convert B. reckon C. grasp D. deduce 1. D 11 .A 2.C 3.D 12.D 13.B 4.C 14.B 5.C 15.D 6.A 16.B 7.A 17.C 8.A 18.A 9.D 19.B 10.D 20.D Read the passage and choose one word or phrase that best fits each space Family history In an age when technology is developing faster than ever before, many people are being (1)..............to the idea of looking back into the past. One way they can do this is by investigating their own family history. They can try to (2).............out more about where their families came from and what they did. This is now a fast-growing hobby, especially in countries with a (3)...........short history, like Australia and the United States. It is (4)...........thing to spend some time (5)..............through a book on family history and to take the (6) .............. to investigate your own family’s past. It is quite another to carry (7)............. the research work successfully. It is easy to set about it in a disorganized way and (8).............yourself many problems which could have been (9)................with a little forward planning. If your own family stories tell you that you are (10) .............. with a famous character, whether hero or criminal, do not let this idea take over your research. Just (11)..............it as an interesting possibility. A simple system (12)........... collecting and storing your information will be adequate to start with; a more complex one may only get you in your (13) .............The most important thing, though, is to (14)...........started. Who knows what you (15) ............. find? 1. A. pushed 2. A. lay 3. A. fairly 4. A. a 5. A. seeing 6. A. idea 7. A. out 8. A. produce 9. A. missed 10. A. connected 11. A. treat 12. A. with 13. A. track 14. A. get 15 A.could 1. B 9. C 2. D 10. A B. attracted B. make B. greatly B. one B. moving B. plan B. on B. cause B. lost B. joined B. control B. by B. path B. appear B.might 3.A 11. A 4.B 12. C 5.C 13. D C. fetched C. put C. mostly C. no C. going C. purpose C. off C. build C. avoided C. attached C. contact C. for C. road C. be C.would 6 .D 14. A 7. A 15. B D. brought D. find D. widely D. some D. living D. decision D. away D. create D. escaped D. related D. direct D. through D. way D. fee D.may 8. B Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer A, B, C or D. Write your answer in the box provided. Suddenly international trade has become a very controversial issue. When the representatives of about a hundred states met in Uruguay to form the World Trade Organisation the response of the public in general was a big yawn. Most people did not think that complicated agreements on things like import taxes could have very much effect on their lives, and they were just not interested. How different it was at the last meeting of the WTO in Seattle! This time the delegates were met by a rainbow coalition of protesters, from members of trade unions to anarchists and environmentalists. Many of the protests were passive and peaceful, or consisted of demonstrators blocking roads and making it difficult for delegates to get to meetings. However, other demonstrations were violent, and by the end of the first day, shop windows had been broken, cars wrecked and police had fired tear gas at the demonstrators. What was all the fuss about? The demonstrators themselves would not have been able to agree. The environmentalists were afraid that looser trade laws would allow big business to work from countries which allowed them to pollute the environment. Trade unions were afraid that cheaper labor in the third world would take their jobs, and the anarchists were, well, just being anarchists. So with all these objections why did anyone want to increase global trade anyway? Well, it is a fact that the opening of the markets of the world, and world prosperity have increased together, and countries that have closed their economies from outside trade, like India, have done much worse than open countries like Thailand and Singapore. So who is right? Perhaps both sides have a point. In any case at some time the two groups will have to talk, so that agreement can be reached so that world trade can become freer while still meeting the concerns of those opposed to it. But the sudden interest of ordinary people in world trade has been caused by one thing - people realize that what is decided at these inter-government meetings can change their lives; and not necessarily for the better. 1. This article is _______. A. critical of efforts to liberalize world trade B. a discussion of the world economy C. a review of the arguments about world trade D. about world trade and the environment 2. At the Uruguay talks _______. A. the WTO was born B. 100 countries joined the WTO. C. mainly import taxes were discussed D. the environment was not discussed 3. The author suggests that _______. A. world trade has recently become controversial B. that the WTO is part of the United Nations C. that demonstrations in Uruguay were peaceful D. world trade is unfair to many countries 4. The demonstrators were _______. A. worried about the environment B. worried about their jobs C. mainly anarchists D. concerned about different things 5. The advantage of world trade is that ______. A. it gives businesses less environmental laws B. it helps countries to become richer C. people can travel more easily D. it has helped countries like India and Singapore 6. The author thinks that ______. A. the two sides will never agree B. we must choose between free trade and the environment C. the two sides must negotiate D. the WTO should listen to its critics 7. The article concludes that _______. A. now most people think world trade is important B. world trade must become freer. C. trade has been better for Thailand than for India D. inter-government meetings interest ordinary people. 8. Where would you find this sort of article? A. In a work of fiction B. In an economics magazine C. In a political journal D. In an anarchist newsletter 9.Which word can replace the word coalition in paragraph 2 ? A. coal mining B. coeducation C. combination D. coexistence 10. Anarchists in paragraph 2 are those who _______. A. establish laws in a particular state. B. excite revolts against the established rule, law, or custom. C. believe in the current government. D. promote order where necessary 1. C 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.B 6.C 7.A Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences 1. The office needs ____________ renovation. 8. B 9.C 10.B A. instructive B. selective C. extensive D. inventive 2. Dan wouldn’t sign the contract because he felt it was ____________. A. his line of work B. none of his business C. out of work D. a raw deal 3. Why doesn't Mike ____________ some of his work to his assistant? A. demand B. resign C. widen D. delegate 4. Legal matters are not my ____________ - you’ll have to consult a lawyer. A. domain B. aspect C. prospect D. excess 5. The producer refused ____________ to discuss any of the actor’s demands for more pay. A. down and out B. outlook C. outright D. downright 6. Of course, I thought your song was the ____________ of the show. A. spotlight B. forefront C. limelight D. highlight 7. His negative attitude ____________ across in the interview. A. went B. came C. played D. branched 8. Ms. Fisher has a very ____________ position on the committee. A. preferential B. residential C. influential D. beneficial 9. I wonder if my lecturer can ____________ any light on this essay for me. A. dawn B. shed C. snap D. dub 10. He's so ambitious that he’ll do anything to _____ his career, even at the expense of others. A. enlarge B. widen C. further D. expand 11. No amount of encouragement ______ jump into the pool. A. would he make B. he would make himself C. would make him D. would he make himself 12. The city______ at one time prosperous, ______ it enjoyed a high level of civilization. A. must have been – for B. can have been - and C. may have been - and D. was for 13. I reckon Martin is _________ of a nervous breakdown. A. in charge B. indicative C. on the verge D.under suspicion 14. I don’t think you’ll show a callous disregard for life and property, ______. A. will you B. do I C. won’t you D. didn’t I 15. There are ______ in your theses. A. too many but B. too many buts on C. too many “but” D. many too buts 16. Sorry, I can’t go out with all these dishes and plates ______. A. to be washed B. washed C. washing D.to have washed 17. During the day tigers usually lie ______, ______ in the long grass. A. rested – hidden B. rested – hiding C. resting – hidden D. resting – hide 18. ______ be sent to work there? A. Who do you suggest that should B. Do you suggest who should? C. Who do you suggest D. Do you suggest whom should? 19. As a result of their financial problems, the company got a consultant to help them ____________. A. deteriorate B. shrink C. diminish D. downsize 20. Iron should not be taken in ____________ with certain vitamins. A. conjunction B. connection C. consistency D. concentration 1. C 11. C 2. D 3. D 12. A 13. C 4. A 5. C 14. A 15. C 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. B 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. D 10. C 20. A Gap filling with particles and prepositons. 1. In rough weather the coast guard is_________constant stand-by to respond quickly distress signals from boats A. on / to B. at / with C. for / at D. about / for 2. The workers were rather cynical after the meeting. Most of them were no illusion that the management would take their complaints seriously. A. with B. under C. at D. beyond 3. The police moved swiftly _________ action to stop fighting _________ rival groups of football fans. A. into / between B. about / against C. with / for D. for / with 4. It was such a sad film that we were all reduced _________ tears at the end. A. with B. for C. off D. to 5. All new models have been fitted _________ a safety lock. A. with B. on C. in D. for 6. Can you tuck your shirt _________ your trousers? A. with B. around C. into D. at 7. Erica is an excellent worker. She goes _________ her job calmly and efficiently. A. on B. with C. about D. at 8. The school ran _________ financial trouble when 80% of the staff went _________ strike. A. about / off B. into / on C. with / for D. for / at 9. Jane is out in the garden mulling _________ a problem to do _________ work. A. over / with B. away / without C. in / to D. into / for 10. Oh, it gets dark. I have immersed myself _________ reading the novel. A. with B. from C. off D.in 1. A 2.B 3. A 4. D 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. B 9. A 10.D Read the passage below and then choose the correct answer A, B, C or D. Do you ever wish you were more optimistic, someone who always (1) ______ to be successful? Having someone around who always (2) ______ the worst isn’t really a lot of (3) we all know someone who sees a single cloud on a sunny day and says, ‘It looks (4) ______ rain.’ But if you catch yourself thinking such things, it’s important to do something (5) ______ it. You can change your view of life, (6) ______ to psychologists. It only takes a little effort, and you will find life more rewarding as a (7) ______. Optimism, they say, is partly about self-respect and confidence, but it’s also a more positive way of looking at life and all it has to (8) ______. Optimists are more (9) ______ to start new projects and are generally more prepared to take risks. Upbringing is obviously very important in forming your (10) ______ to the world. Some people are brought up to (11) ______ too much on others and grow up forever blaming other people when anything (12) ______ wrong. Most optimists, on the (13) ______ hand, have been brought up not to (14) ______ failure as the end of the world- they just (15) ______ with their lives. 1. A. counted 2. A. worries 3. A. amusement 4. A. so 5. A. with 6. A. judging 7. A. result 8. A. supply 9. A. possible 10. A. opinion 11. A. trust 12. A. goes 13. A. opposite 14. A. regard 15. A. get up 1. B 9. B 2. C 10. B B. expected B. cares B. play B. to B. against B. according B. reason B. suggest B. likely B. attitude B. believe B. fails B. next B. respect B. get on 3. D 11. C 4. D 12. A C. felt C. fears C. enjoyment C. for C. about C. concerning C. purpose C. offer C. hopeful C. view C. depend C. comes C. other C. suppose C. get out 5. C 13. C 6. B 14. A Read the following passage and choose the best answer. D. waited D. doubts D. fun D. like D. over D. following D. product D. propose D. welcome D. position D. hope D. turns D. far D. think D. get over 7. A 15. B 8. C Overland transport in the United States was still extremely primitive in 1790. Roads were few and short, usually extending from inland communities to the nearest river town or seaport. Nearly all interstate commerce was carried out by sailing ships that served the bays and harbors of the seaboard. Yet, in 1790 the nation was on the threshold of a new era of road development. Unable to finance road construction, states turned for help to private companies, organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal interest in improved communications with the interior. The pioneer in this move was the state of Pennsylvania, which chartered a company in 1792 to construct a turnpike, a road for the use of which a toll, or payment, is collected, from Philadelphia to Lancaster. The legislature gave the company the authority to erect tollgates at points along the road where payment would be collected, though it carefully regulated the rates. (The states had unquestioned authority to regulate private business in this period.) The company built a gravel road within two years, and the success of the Lancaster Pike encouraged imitation. Northern states generally relied on private companies to build their toll roads, but Virginia constructed a network at public expense. Such was the road building fever that by 1810 New York alone had some 1,500 miles of turnpikes extending from the Atlantic to Lake Erie. Transportation on these early turnpikes consisted of freight carrier wagons and passenger stagecoaches. The most common road freight carrier was the Conestoga wagon, a vehicle developed in the mid-eighteenth century by German immigrants in the area around Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It featured large, broad wheels able to negotiate all but the deepest ruts and holes, and its round bottom prevented the freight from shifting on a hill. Covered with canvas and drawn by four to six horses, the Conestoga wagon rivaled the log cabin as the primary symbol of the frontier. Passengers traveled in a variety of stagecoaches, the most common of which had four benches, each holding three persons. It was only a platform on wheels, with no springs; slender poles held up the top, and leather curtains kept out dust and rain. 1. Paragraph 1 discusses early road building in the United States mainly in terms of the A. popularity of turnpikes B. financing of new roads C. development of the interior D. laws governing road use 2. The word "primitive" in the passage is closest in meaning to A. unsafe B. unknown C. inexpensive D. undeveloped 3. In 1790 most roads connected towns in the interior of the country with A. other inland communities B. towns in other states C. river towns or seaports D. construction sites 4. The phrase "on the threshold of" in the passage is closest in meaning to A. in need of B. in place of C. at the start of D. with the purpose of 5. According to the passage, why did states want private companies to help with road building? A. The states could not afford to build roads themselves. B. The states were not as well equipped as private companies. C. Private companies could complete roads faster than the states. D. Private companies had greater knowledge of the interior. 6. The word "it" in the passage refers to A. legislature B. company C. authority D. payment 7. The word "imitation" in the passage is closest in meaning to A. investment B. suggestion C. increasing D. copying 8. Virginia is mentioned as an example of a state that A. built roads without tollgates B. built roads with government money C. completed 1,500 miles of turnpikes in one year D. introduced new law restricting road use 9. The "large, broad wheels" of the Conestoga wagon are mentioned in the passage as an example of a feature of wagons that was A. unusual in mid-eighteenth century vehicles B. first found in Germany C. effective on roads with uneven surfaces D. responsible for frequent damage to freight 10. The word “slender “in the passage is closest in meaning to A. fat B. big C. large D. thin 1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. A 6. A 7. D 8. B 9. C 10. D Choose the best option to complete the following sentences. 1. It's true, I tell you! I got it from the........................... My sister works at the Town Hall. She's the one who made the decision! A. nag's head B. cat's whiskers C. horse's mouth D. lion's den 2. She studies many magazines and books about fashion, entertaining and correct social behavior as she wants to appear........................... A. sophisticated B. fashionable C. elegant D. polished 3. Snooker is a very popular............................. sport in Britain. Most of the major tournaments are televised. A. spectacle B. viewed C. audience D. spectator 4. When he had finished the apple, he threw....................... into the bin. A. heart B. pith C. core D. kernel 5. When he went to Egypt, he knew........... no Arabic, but within six months he had become extremely fluent. A. entirely B. barely C. virtually D. scarcely 6. If the rain doesn't ........................... soon, we shall have to look for a taxi. A. set about B. let up C. slow down D. go off 7. I must run. I'd rather.................... for time at the moment. A. squeezed B. squashed C. cramped D. pressed 8. The .................. last thing I want now is to catch a cold. A. most B. very C. utterly D. extremely 9. I don't like turning down work, but I'll have to, I'm afraid. I've got far too much ...................at the moment. A. up my sleeve B. on my plate C. on my mind D. in effect 10. This film is really sad. I think....................... A. I'm going to cry B. I'll cry C. I cry D. I'm crying 11. The viewers were up in .....................................when the television station announced that it was going to change the time of the evening news broadcast from 9 o'clock to 9.30 A. legs B. hands C. arms D. eyes 12. The boss wants you to ........................... these instructions carefully. A. take up B. put out C. carry out D. go through 13. There were loud ..................................... from the audience when the competitor announced that the main group were unable to perform because of illness. A. outcry B. wolf whistles C. catcalls D. hoots 14. Would you mind ..........................these plates a wipe before putting them in the cupboard? A. giving B. doing C. getting D. making 15. You'd better be careful with what you say to Samantha. You know how sensitive she is to criticism - she takes everything to................................................ A. heart B. head C. mind D. reflection 16. "But son," I told him, "You're my own ......................................" A. flesh and blood B. body and soul C. heart to heart D. skin and bone 17. They invited ...................................................... to lunch. A. my wife and me B. me and my wife C. my wife and I D. both she and me 18. Prices continued to rise while wages remained low ......................... the Government became increasingly unpopular. A. on condition that B. with the result that C. provided that D. in order that 19. Veronica broke the school rules so many times that the headmistress finally had no alternative but to .........................her. A. export B. deport C. eject D. expel 20. Don't be late for the interview,………………….. people will think you are a disorganized person. A. unless B. if not C. otherwise D. or so 1. C 2. A 3. D 4.C 5.C 6. B 7. D 8.B 9. B 10. A 11. C 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. A 16. A 17.A 18. B 19. D 20. C Choose the underlined word or phrase in each sentence that needs correcting. 1. In summer, warm southern air carries moist north to the eastern and central United Stated. A B C D 2. Billie Holiday became recognized as the most innovative jazz singer of her day and was admiration A B C D for her vocal range. 3. To raise livestock successfully, farmers must selecting cattle for breeding and apply a dietary regimen. A B C D 4. In the 1960s, urban renewal projects cleared land for commerce and offices building. A B C D 5. In 1868, Sioux leaders signed a treaty preventing whites from traveling through the Sioux territorial. A B C D 6. A number multiplied by zero is zero, and a number multiplied by one is the same as number. A B C D 7. Muscles aids in attaching portions of the skeleton to one another and ultimately shape the torso. A B C D 8. Thomas More, who fell into disfavor with the king, was a great English author, statesman, and scholars. A B C D 9. The first microprocessors were fabricated in 1971 for installationin handhold calculation. A B C D 10. In the last 10 years, Mexican government has reduced the number of its state-owned companies to about half. A B C D 1. C 2. D 3. B 4. D 5. D 6. D 7.A 8. D 9. D 10. A Choose the word that best fits each gap Greenhouse gases arise from a wide range of sources and their increasing concentration is largely related to the compound effects of increased population, improved living standards and changes in lifestyle. From a current base of 5 billion, the United Nations predicts that the global population may stabilize in the twentyfirst century between 8 and 14 billion, with more than 90 per cent of the (1)....................... increase taking place in the world’s developing nations. The (2)............................. activities to support that growth, particularly to produce the required energy and food, will cause further increases in greenhouse gas emissions. The challenge is to attain a (3)............................. balance between population, economic growth and the environment. The major greenhouse gas emissions from human activities are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and nitrous oxide. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are the only major (4) ............................ to the greenhouse effect that does not occur naturally, coming from such sources as refrigeration, plastics and manufacture. Coal’s contribution to greenhouse gas emissions is thought to be about 18 per cent, with about half of this coming from (5)................................ generation. The world-wide coal industry allocates extensive resources to researching and developing new technologies and ways of capturing greenhouse gases. (6)............................. are likely to be improved dramatically, and hence CO2 emissions reduced, through combustion and gasification techniques which are now at (7)............................. and demonstration stages. Clean coal is another avenue for improving fuel conversion efficiency. Investigations are under (8) ........................... into superclean coal (3-5 per cent ash) and ultraclean coal (less than 1 per cent ash). Superclean coal has the potential to enhance the combustion efficiency of conventional pulverized fuel power plants. Ultraclean coal will enable coal to be used in (9) ............................ power systems such as coal-fired gas turbines which, when (10) ......................... in combined cycle, have the potential to achieve much greater efficiencies. 1. A. intended 2. A. remarkable B. projected B. major C. wanted C. associated D. calculated D. mutual