Tài liệu 13 english tenses

Copy right of Ngo Quang Trong THÌ TRONG TIẾNG ANH (Tenses in English) 1. Thời hiện tại đơn (present simple): Thời hiện tại đơn được dùng để diễn tả: a. Việc hiện có, hiện xảy ra Ví dụ: I understand this matter now. This book belongs to her. b. Sự hiển nhiên lúc nào cũng thật/chân lý Ví dụ: The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. The earth goes around the sun. c. Một thói quen hay đặc tính Ví dụ: I go to bed early and get up early everyday. Mr. Smith drinks strong tea after meals. d. Việc xảy ra trong tương lai gần theo lịch, thời gian biểu đã định Ví dụ: The train for Hanoi leaves in 5 minutes. Công thức: Khẳng S + V + (O) định Phủ định S + do not/don't + V + (O) S: chủ ngữ (chủ từ) V: động từ O: tân ngữ WH- : từ hỏi (What, Where, Why, How…) S + does not/doen't + V + (O) Chú ý: Nghi vấn (WH-)+Do/does + S + V + (O)? - "Câu" có thể có hoặc không có WH-, O - "Does" đi với các Ngôi thứ 3 số ít: He, She, It, DT số ít - "Do" đi với Các ngôi khác trừ Ngôi thứ 3 số ít Ví dụ: 1 Copy right of Ngo Quang Trong 1/ Khẳng địnhI learn English at school. Phủ định I do not learn English at school. Nghi vấn I don't learn English at school. Do you learn English at school? do not = don't Don't you learn English at school? 2/ Khẳng địnhShe learns French at school. Phủ định She does not learn French at school. does not = doesn't Nghi vấn She doesn't learn French at school. Does she learn French at school? Doesn't she learn French at school? Chú ý: Trong thời hiện tại đơn, các ngôi (thứ nhất số ít/nhiều, thứ 3 số nhiều) được chia như ví dụ trên đây, riêng ngôi thứ 3 số ít (He, she, it , Danh từ số ít...), ta cần lưu ý các quy tắc sau: 1. Phải thêm "s" vào sau động từ ở câu khẳng định. ( V+s) Ví dụ: He likes reading books. She likes pop music. He often has lunch at 11.00 a.m. - Câu phủ định (Xem ví dụ 2 trên đây ) - Câu nghi vấn? (Xem ví dụ 2 trên đây) 2. Ngoài việc "s" vào sau động từ, ta phải đặc biệt chú ý những trường hợp sau: 2.1. Những động từ (Verbs) tận cùng bằằng nh ững ch ữ sau đây thì ph ải thêm "ES". S, X, Z, CH, SH, O (do, go) + ES 2 Copy right of Ngo Quang Trong Ví dụ: miss misses mix mixes buzz buzzes watchwatches washwashes dodoes gogoes Ví dụ: He often kisses his wife before going to work. Tom brushes his teeth everyday. 2.2. Những động từ (Verbs) tận cùng bằng "Y" thì phải xét hai (2) trường hợp sau đây. Nếu trước Y là nguyên âm (vowel) thì sẽ chia như quy tắc 2.1 trên đây. Y ---- Y + S We play She/he plays Ví dụ: She plays the piano very well. Nếu trước Y là phụ âm (consonant) thì sẽ chia như sau: (Y ---- IES) We carry She/he carries They worry She/he worries Ví dụ: He often carries money with him whenever he goes out. Các trạng từ dùng trong thời hiện tại đơn: - Always, usually, often, not often, sometimes, occasionally, never; - Everyday, every week/month/year..., on Mondays, Tuesdays, .... , Sundays. - Once/twice / three times... a week/month/year ...; - Every two weeks, every three months (a quarter) - Whenever, every time, every now and then, every now and again, every so often 3 Copy right of Ngo Quang Trong Cách phát âm: đuôi S/ES được đọc như sau: Cách đọc /s/ /iz/ /z/ Các động từ có kết thúc với đuôi F, K, P, T S, X, Z, CH, SH, CE, GE Không thuộc hai loại trên 2. Thời quá khứ đơn (past simple): Dùng để diễn tả: a. Một việc đã xảy ra và đã xong hẳn, trong câu có trạng từ chỉ rõ thời gian quá khứ, như: yesterday, last week, last year, vv… Ví dụ: The students came to see me yesterday. I came home at 9 o’clock last night. b. Một thói quen hay một khả năng trong quá khứ. Ví dụ: She sang very well, when she was young. Công thức: Khẳng S + V-ed + (O) S: chủ ngữ (chủ từ) định Phủ định S + did not/didn't + V + (O) V-ed: động từ thời quá khứ (thường là thêm đuôi -ed Nghi vấn (Wh-)+Did + S + V + (O)? O: tân ngữ Chú ý: "Câu" có thể có hoặc không có WH-,(O) N.B. Toàn bộ các ngôi (Chủ ngữ) được chia như nhau/giống nhau (Không phân biệt ngôi, thứ) Ví dụ : 1/ 4 Copy right of Ngo Quang Trong Khẳng địnhI learnt English at school. Phủ định I did not learn English at school. Nghi vấn I didn't learn English at school. Did you learn English at school? did not = didn't Didn't you learn English at school? 2/ Khẳng địnhHe learnt English at school. Phủ định He did not learn English at school. did not = didn't Nghi vấn He didn't learn English at school. Did he learn English at school? Didn't he learn English at school? Các trạng từ dùng trong thời quá khứ đơn: - Yesterday, last week/month/year, ago (two days ago, three months ago, long long ago...) - In the past, in those days, .... Cách dùng " Used to" trong thời quá khứ đơn: Used to: được dùng trong thời quá khứ đơn (nghĩa là: "đã từng") để chỉ hành động/thói quen trong quá khứ, và đã chấm dứt trong quá khứ. Khẳng địnhHe used to play the guitar when he was a student. Phủ định He did not use to play the guitar when he was a student. did not = didn't Nghi vấn He didn't use to play the guitar when he was a student. Did he use to play the guitar when he was a student? Didn’t he use to play the guitar when he was a student?  Cách hình thành động từ quá khứ:  Những động từ lập thành thời quá khứ và quá khứ phân từ bằng cách thêm ED hoặc D vào sau động từ gốc (gọi là Động từ có Quy tắc) Ví dụ: I work - worked 5 Copy right of Ngo Quang Trong I live - lived I visit - visited Chú ý: Nếu tận cùng bằng “Y” và có một phụ âm đi trước “Y” thi phải đổi “Y” thành “I” rồi mới thêm “ED” (Y -- IED) Ví dụ: I study - studied Nhưng khi trước Y là nguyên âm thì: Y+ed Ví dụ: He plays - played Nếu một động từ (Verb) có một hay nhiều âm tiết/vần mà khi đọc nhấn mạnh vào cuối, và tân cùng bằng một phụ âm và đi trước phụ âm đó có một nguyên âm (Công thức 1-1-1), thì hãy gấp đôi phụ âm rồi mới thêm ED Ví dụ: Fit – Fitted Stop - stopped Drop – Dropped Nhưng: Visit – Visited (Vì visit khi đọc, nhấn mạnh vào vần thứ nhất) Prefer – Preferred (Vì prefer khi đọc, nhấn mạnh vào vần thứ hai)  Ngoài ra ngữ pháp tiếng Anh còn quy định một loại động từ "bất qui tắc", người học phải học thuộc lòng ba thể động từ: Gốc, Quá khứ (Vp1) và Quá khứ phân từ (VVp2). Có thể tra ở Bảng động từ bất qui tắc sau: Động từ nguyên Quá khứ đơn thể abide abode abided Quá khứ phân từ Nghĩa Ví dụ abode abided tồn tại chịu đựng He abided in the wilderness for forty days. 6 Copy right of Ngo Quang Trong arise arose arisen thức dậy phát sinh We arose early on Christmas morning. awake awoke awoken thức đánh thức She awoke me at seven. be was were been thì, là, ở The food was already on the table. bear bore borne born mang chịu đựng sinh,đẻ She was born in London. become became become trở nên, trở thành He has just become a father. befall befell befallen xảy ra, xảy đến Should any harm befall me on my journey, you may open this letter. began begun bắt đầu The discussion began much later than expected. behold beheld beheld nhìn ngắm The new bridge is an incredible sight to behold. bend bent bent cong, bẻ cong I bent down and picked up the coins lying on the road. beset beset beset bao quanh, vây They were beset with foes on every quanh side. bespeak bespoke bespoken chứng tỏ, cho thấy bid bid bid She knew she couldn't afford it, so trả giá - đấu giá she didn't bid. bind bound bound buộc, trói bleed bled bled chảy máu begin blow blew blown thổi, bị thổi break broke broken đập vỡ vỡ breed bred bred nuôi nấng, dạy dỗ bring brought brought mang đến 7 His letter bespoke his willingness to help. The prisoner was bound hand and foot. He bled heavily in the accident. The letter blew away and I had to run after it. The dish fell to the floor and broke. His main income comes from breeding cattle. They brought home a small dog. Copy right of Ngo Quang Trong broadcast broadcast broadcast phát thanh The tennis championship is broadcast live to several different countries. build built built xây dựng These old houses are built of stones. burn burnt burned burnt burned đốt cháy, làm bỏng buy bought bought mua cast cast cast quăng, ném, liệng, thả catch caught caught bắt, chụp, túm He caught the last train to London yesterday. chide chided chid chided chid chidden mắng chửi She chided him for his bad manners. choose chose chosen chọn, lựa chọn cleave clove cleft cleaved cloven cleft cleaved chẻ, bổ come came come đến cost cost cost đáng giá, phải trả crow crew crowed crew crowed gáy (gà) nói bi bô cut cut cut cắt deal dealt dealt phân phát giao thiệp giải quyết dig dug dug đào dive dived dove dived dove lặn, lao xuống 8 She burnt his old love letters. I bought my camera from a friend of mine. The knight cast the sword far out into the lake. I've chosen Luis a present. He clove his way through the crowd to get there on time. Has she come yet? The book costs 20 dollars. My cock crows repeatedly in the morning. Where did you have your hair cut? She's used to dealing with difficult customers. The hole was dug in 30 minutes. They ran to the pool, dived in, and swam to the other side. Copy right of Ngo Quang Trong draw drew drawn vẽ, kéo dream dreamed dreamt dreamed dreamt mơ drank drunk uống drove driven lái xe drink drive dwell The children drew pictures of their families. I dreamed that I had a baby. I didn't drink at all while I was pregnant. I drove my daughter to school. She dwelt in remote parts of Asia for many years. dwelt dwelt trú ngụ, ở ate eaten ăn fall fell fallen ngã, rơi feed fed fed cho ăn felt felt cảm thấy fought fought chiến đấu found found fled fled chạy trốn flung flung quăng, liệng He flung the letter into the fire. flew flown bay, đi máy bay We flew to Paris. eat feel fight find flee phát hiện, tìm thấy I ate bread for breakfast this morning. He fell badly and broke his leg. I usually feed the neighbour's cat while she's away. Never in her life had she felt so happy. They fought against the South. I've just found a ten-pound note in my pocket. She fled from the room in tears. fling fly forbear forbore forborne nhịn 9 He performed so well that I could hardly forbear from congratulating him. Copy right of Ngo Quang Trong forbid forbade forbad forbidden cấm, ngăn cấm forecast forecast forecasted forecast forecasted dự đoán, dự báo foresee foresaw foreseen thấy trước forget forgot forgotten quên forgive forgave forgiven tha thứ She forgave me for everything wrong I had done. forsake forsook forsaken ruồng bỏ He forsook me when I needed him most. freeze froze frozen đông, làm đông lại get got got gotten có được give gave given cho go went gone đi grind ground ground xay, nghiền grow grew grown lớn lên, phát triển hang hung hung treo hear heard heard nghe thấy hide hid hidden ẩn, trốn, nấp She used to hide her diary under her pillow. hit hit hit đánh Teachers are not allowed to hit their pupils. hurt hurt hurt đau, làm đau, She was badly hurt when he left her. làm tổn thương 10 Smoking is forbidden in the cinema. Snow has been forecast for tonight. A lot of problems have been foreseen. I forgot to tell you the news. Water freezes to ice at a temperature of 0°C. I got a call from Phil last night. They never gave me a chance. I went to Paris last summer. They had ground coffee before going to work this morning. Coffee is grown in Vietnam. Many of his finest pictures are hung in the National Gallery. She heard a noise outside. Copy right of Ngo Quang Trong I've spent the morning inputting datainto the computer. input input input cung cấp tài liệu (máy tính điện tử) keep kept kept giữ kneel knelt kneeled knelt kneeled quỳ knit knit knitted knit knitted đan know knew known biết lay laid laid đặt, để lead led led dẫn dắt, lãnh đạo learn learned learnt learned learnt học leave left left rời đi, để lại lend lent lent cho mượn let let let cho phép, để cho lie lay lain nằm light lit lighted lit lighted thắp (đèn) soi sáng lose lost lost mất, làm mất make made made làm, chế tạo, sản xuất He'd made a chocolate cake. mean meant meant có nghĩa là hàm ý What does this word mean? meet met met gặp mislay mislaid mislaid để mất, để thất 11 She kept her money in a secret place while she was alive. She knelt down beside the child. My granny knitted me some gloves. They have known each other for years. She laid the baby on the bed. She was the girl who led the discussion yesterday. I've learned a lot about computers since I started work here. He left the house by the back door. He lent me some money. At last my father let me go out with my friends. A cat lay in front of the fire. He lit his fifth cigarette in half an hour. I've just lost my ticket. They met at work. I seem to have mislaid my pen. Copy right of Ngo Quang Trong lạc I thought the chemist had misread my prescription. misread misread misread đọc nhầm misspell misspelt misspelt He appologized for misspelling my viết sai chính tả name. mistake mistook mistaken nhầm lẫn I mistook your signature and thought the letter was from someone else. misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood hiểu lầm He seems to have misunderstood me. outdo outdid outdone làm giỏi hơn When a student, he outdid everyone else in the class. outgrow outgrew outgrown lớn nhanh hơn The company outgrew its office space. outsell outsold outsold bán chạy hơn overcome overcame overcome vượt qua overeat overate overeaten ăn nhiều quá overhang overhung overhung nhô lên trên, treo lơ lửng CDs soon began to outsell records. Eventually she managed to overcome her shyness in class. He overate and became overweight. Several large trees overhang the path. I overheard a very funny conversation on the bus this morning. overhear overheard overheard nghe trộm overlay overlaid overlaid che, phủ lên trên As marketing manager, her job is to oversee all the company's advertising. The table is overlaid with a tablecloth. oversee oversaw overseen trôm nom quan sát oversleep overslept overslept ngủ quên I missed the train this morning because I overslept again. overtake overtook overtaken bắt kịp Our US sales have now overtaken 12 Copy right of Ngo Quang Trong vượt our sales in Europe. xảy ra bất thình lình His government was overthrown in 1970. overthrow overthrew overthrown lật đổ pay paid paid trả, nộp, thanh toán I paid the driver with cash. prove proved proved proven chứng minh, chứng tỏ They proved him innocent. put put put đặt, để read read read đọc Your handwriting is so untidy I can't read it. rebuild rebuilt rebuilt xây dựng lại The cathedral was completely rebuilt in 1425. A French film was remade in Hollywood as 'Three Men and a Baby'. Where have you put the keys? remake remade remade làm lại repay repaid repaid hoàn lại tiền resell resold resold bán lại He resold the bike after a long time of use. retake retook retaken chiếm lại In the battle to retake the village, over 150 soldiers were killed. rewrite rewrote rewritten viết lại She didn't like the letter and rewrote it. ride rode ridden cưỡi I learned to ride a bike when I was six. ring rang rung rung chuông The boss rang to say he would be back at 4:30. rise rose risen dậy lên mọc The balloon rose gently up into the air. run ran run chạy They boy ran away when he saw his father. 13 She repaid her mother the loan. Copy right of Ngo Quang Trong She said goodbye to all her friends and left. say said said nói see saw seen nhìn thấy gặp hiểu seek sought sought tìm kiếm sell sold sold bán send sent sent gửi shake shook shaken rung, lắc shine shone shone chiếu sáng shoot shot shot bắn show showed shown chỉ ra cho xem chiếu shut shut shut đóng Mary shut her book and put it down on the table. sing sang sung hát She sang her baby to sleep every night. sink sank sunk chìm The Titanic was a passenger ship which sank in 1912. sit sat sat ngồi sleep slept slept ngủ slide slid slid trượt, lướt smell smelt smelt ngửi, đánh hơi 14 I saw an old friend on the way home yesterday. He has been seeking a job for years. I sold him my car for $1,000 I sent it by sea. The explosion shook buildings for miles around. The sun shone all afternoon. She was shot three times in the head. On this map, urban areas are shown in grey. He came and sat down next to me. I slept late on Sunday morning. He had slid on the floor before going out with his friends. Humans can't smell as well as dogs. Copy right of Ngo Quang Trong sow sowed sowed sown gieo trồng gieo rắc speak spoke spoken nói speed sped speeded sped speeded The train sped along at over 120 di chuyển miles per hour. nhanh, làm tăng tốc độ spell spelled spelt spelled speltl đánh vần, viết vần spend spent spent tiêu xài spill spilled spilt spilled spilt tràn, đổ ra spoil spoiled spoilt spoiled spoilt làm hỏng spread lan tràn lan truyền spread spread Sow the seeds in pots. English is spoken in America. He spelt out his name quickly and ran away. Money should be spent in a right way. I spilt coffee on my silk shirt. spring sprang sprung chảy (nước) bật lên, nảy ra stand stood stood đứng The oil spill has spoilt the whole beautiful coastline. The fire spread very rapidly because of the strong wind. I sprang out of bed to answer the door. Stand still and be quiet! steal stole stolen trộm stick stuck stuck ghim vào, đính vào sting stung stung châm đốt strike struck struck đánh, đập, điểm đình công 15 The number of cars which are stolen every year has risen. He stuck up a notice on the board. I got stung by a bee yesterday. Have you ever been struck by lightning? Copy right of Ngo Quang Trong swear sweep swore sworn tuyên thệ quét She swore that she didn't know what had happened to the money. When I came she was sweeping the floor. swept swept swell swelled swelled swollen sưng, phồng swim swam swum bơi teach taught taught dạy tear tore torn xé, rách tell told told kể, bảo think thought thought nghĩ, suy nghĩ Salmon used to be thought expensive. throw threw thrown ném She threw herself into a chair, exhausted. They claim to undercut their ra giá thấp hơn competitors by at least 5%. Her toe swelled quickly and really hurt. I swam two miles this morning. Who taught you to cook? undercut undercut undercut undergo underwent undergone kinh qua trải qua underlie underlay underlain nằm dưới là nền tảng, cơ sở underpay underpaid underpaid trả lương thấp undersell undersold undersold bán rẻ hơn 16 I tore my skirt on the chair as I stood up. I told her to go home. She underwent an operation last year. Careful planning underlies all our decisions. Many workers are now underpaid. A big supermarket can usually undersell a small local store. Copy right of Ngo Quang Trong My wife doesn't understand me. understand understood understood hiểu undertake undertook undertaken thực thi đảm nhiệm underwrite underwrote underwritten bảo hiểm tài trợ His bank underwrote this event. wake woke waked woken waked thức giấc đánh thức I woke up with a headache. wear worn worn mặc wed wed wedded wed wedded kết hôn wet wet wetted wet wetted làm ẩm win won won chiến thắng write wrote written viết Students are required to undertake simple experiments. He wears glasses for reading. The couple eventually wed after an eighteen-year engagement. He wetted his children's clothes. Which year was it that Italy won the World Cup? I wrote my sister a letter. 3. THỜI TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN (FUTURE SIMPLE): Dùng để diễn tả a. Dự đoán về sự việc xảy ra, hay tồn tại trong tương lai Ví dụ: They will go to Ho Chi Minh city next Monday. b. Lời hứa, quyết định, dự định nảy sinh lúc nói Ví dụ: I will come back in 5 minutes. Công thức: Khẳng định S + will/ shall +V + (O) S: chủ ngữ (chủ từ) Phủ định S + will not/won't + V + (O) Will/shall = sẽ S + shall not/ shan’t+ V+(O) Nghi vấn (Wh-)+Will + S + V + (O)? 17 Copy right of Ngo Quang Trong V: động từ O: tân ngữ Chú ý: "Câu" có thể có hoặc không có WH-,(O) Ví dụ : 1/ Khẳng địnhI will phone you when I come home. Phủ định I will not tell him this problem. Nghi vấn I won't tell him this problem. Will you see Tom tomorrow? will not = won't Won't you meet that girl again? Will you not see such films again? Các trạng từ dùng trong thời tương lai đơn: - Tomorrow, next week/month/year, ... next Monday, Tuesday, ...., Sunday, - Next June, July, ....., next December, next weekend .... - In two days/weeks/months, in the years to come, in coming years 4. THỜI TƯƠNG LAI CÓ DỰ ĐỊNH (PLANNED FUTURE) Diễn tả hành động nào đó đã được dự định, Ví dụ: I am going to visit Ho Chi Minh city next Monday. Lan is going to take the final exams this summer. Công thức: Khẳng định Phủ định S + be going to +V + (O) S: chủ ngữ (chủ từ) S + be not going to + V + (O) 18 lên kế hoạch thực hiện. Copy right of Ngo Quang Trong Nghi vấn (Wh-)+be + S +going to + V + Be going to = sẽ (BE = is/are/am) (O)? V: động từ O: tân ngữ Chú ý: "Câu" có thể có hoặc không có WH-,(O) Lan is going to the cinema with her boyfriend tonight. Lưu ý: với các động từ chuyển động: go, come, move, return,… và động từ HAVE, chúng ta sẽ dùng công thức của thì hiện tại tiếp diễn (phần 8) để diễn tả dự định trong tương lai. Ví dụ: I am going to the cinema tonight. We are having a party next week. 5. Thời hiện tại hoàn thành (present perfect): Dùng để diễn tả a. Một hành động vừa thực hiện xong so với hiện tại Ví dụ: She has just gone to the market. I have just signed on that contract. b. Kết quả hiện tại của một hành động quá khứ. Ví dụ: UK has lost the possession of Hong Kong. c. Một kinh nhgiệm nào đó. Ví dụ: I have been in Bangkok several times. d. Một việc đã xảy ra, nhưng còn tiếp tục. Ví dụ: I have taught English for more than 10 years. 19 Copy right of Ngo Quang Trong e. Việc sẽ hoàn thành ở tương lai; trước mệnh đề đó đơn có: when, if, when, before, after, as soon as, etc. Ví dụ: He will return the book as soon as he has done with it. Công thức: Khẳng định S + have/has + Vp2 + (O) S: chủ ngữ (chủ từ) Phủ định S + have/has not + Vp2 + (O) Nghi vấn (Wh-)+Have/has + S + VP2 + (O)? Vp2: động từ quá khứ phân từ 2 (Have dùng cho các ngôi trừ các (Có quy tắc V+ed; Bất QT= cột 3 Bảng động từ Bất QT) Ngôi thứ 3 số ít; Has dùng cho các O: tân ngữ ngôi thứ 3 số ít) Chú ý: Chú ý: "Câu" có thể có hoặc không có WH-,(O) Ví dụ : 1/ Khẳng địnhI have learnt English for ten years now. Phủ định I have not met that film star yet. Nghi vấn I haven't met that film star yet. Have you met that film star yet? have not = haven't Haven't you met that film star yet? Have you not met that film star yet? 2/ Khẳng địnhShe has learnt English for eight years now. Phủ định She has not met that film star yet. Nghi vấn She hasn't met that film star yet. Has she met that film star yet? has not = hasn't Hasn't she met that film star yet? Has she not met that film star yet? 20