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vbntirgNwpoasced:
I. vocal folds
A
p
r
t
a
F
e
sp
e
r
a a
e
g s
v
c
:e
o
e
s f
s
l
i
II. Articulator : tongue & lips:
a. tongue : tip => blade=> front=> back
b. alveolar ridge=> hard palate( roof of mouth)=> velum ( soft palate): air can pass nose and
mouth
alveolar ridge: shape with the tongue
v
r
l
e
a
o
w
l
i
u
s
=
m
e
>
d
=
a
>
i
r
a
i
e
s
r
c
e
a
s
p
c
e
a
p
f
r
e
o
f
m
r
o
t
m
h
e
t
h
n
e
o
s
m
e
o
u
t
h
Articulation : the passage > larynx=> vocal tract
g
v
n
o
U
L
p
l
r
p
o
h
a
l
o
c
s
p
w
a
r
a
l
e
r
y
t
l
r
y
n
t
c
n
x
i
t
c
a
(
x
s
r
a
v
u
:
=
a
v
i
n
m
>
=
c
i
m
o
t
t
y
o
u
v
y
v
a
b
o
(
a
b
e
i
c
a
b
l
>
c
e
l
l
i
e
)
p
)
a
b
s
r
o
c
o
y
x
=
n
r
d
>
x
=
>
s
u
v
b
+
u
a
v
l
c
a
k
o
c
)
o
a
f
l
c
t
h
o
e
r
d
m
s
o
u
t
h
1.
2.
3.
4.
A.
III.Four stages of glottis
Open for normal breathy + voiceless sound
Close
Narrow: when “h” is produced
Tightly closed : đóng chặt lại ( cause vibration) ( glottal stop is produced)
Voice sounds and voiceless sounds
Oral sounds and nasal sounds
(soft palate is raised) and ( soft palate is lower)
IV. Criteria for consonant classification ( where , How, voicing)
Places of articulation ( where)
bilabial, labiodentals, interdental (dental), alveolar, alveolar –palate ( post- alveolar), velar
( velum)
Consonant sounds & voiceless sounds
ilbpvra
aeil
ldb-tv
anivre
taobr
a=di:rfl
lear
tnlger
:tx
a
l
:
B.
n
a
a
r t
e
e
t
l
t
o
l
a
d
i n
a
d
e
l
Consonant sounds: blocking air partially or completely : through lung=> vocal tract.
Manner of articulation ( How)
Articulators may close off the oral tract for a relatively long period; narrow the space
considerably.
a. Stop (no escape the mouth)
a) Oral stop (non –nasal) ( plosives)( completely)
─ Soft palate raised =>nasal tract : blocked up+ air completely obstructed.
─ Oral stop consonants air are “explodes”=> âm bật
Nasal stop /m/: bilabial nasal ; /n/, / ŋ/: velar nasal consonant
b. English fricative: blocking the air partially=> obstruction partially.
/f/ ,/v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/,
Alveolar palatal fricative consonants : /s/, /z/
f
r
i
c
a
t
v
e
l
s
t
o
p
s
i
/t/ /dʒ/: post +alve
a
f
r
c
a
t
e
s
f
i
c. Approximants /l/, /r/, /v/, also translated as /j/ in RP & /w/
Approaches a certain place of articulation as for fricatives, but it
does not /r/ channeling air through the central part of the mouth.
Approximants
/l
/
a
l
s
/
p
i
r
e
j
p
q
m
/
r
u
:
i
o
i
x
d
v
i
s
o
m
w
a
e
n
l
t
s
s
ð
ð
/ each of the tongue => central approximant
/l/ lateral approximant
b) The semi-vowels /j/ & /w/ : ½ bán nguyên âm.
The way they are produced (phonetically) : no observation
Phonological : distribution in English word ‘không có hai phụ âm đứng gần nhau”.
Bilabial Labio-dental
stops
fricatives
affricates
Dental
Alveopalatal
Palatal
velar
vds
k
vd
ɡ
vds
f
θ
ʃ
vd
v
ð
ʒ
vds
tʃ
vd
dʒ
Nasal
Retroflex
lateral
ŋ
Semiy
vowels
d. The glottal fricatives /h/
Phonological/h/ is consonants & almost always found before vowels.
Phonetically:
voiceless =>isolation
w
Before vowels=>partial voice.
Voiceless vowel=> follow=> quality.
c) Definition :
Consonant : + blocking air; + obstruction
Vowels: without obstruction of the air stream oral cavity.
d) Characteristics:
1) oral : produced by mouth (velum is raised)
2) voiced : vibration of vocal cords together / closed/
4 trạng thái: freely air
Consonant: vocal cords closed.
3) Syllabic : form a syllable.
Vowels is centre => at syllable
+ because it in isolation
+consonant not form a syllable.
Vowels vs. consonants
Vowels
Consonants
Vocoids: no obstruction in their production
Not vocoids , contoids is obstruction
Phonological: distribution
Consonants follow by vowels.
C. Classification of English vowels:
No obstruction=> no place of articulation (where) + no manner of articulation
(how)
a) Tongue lips
i
t
r
l
f
n
a
o
l
i
n
i
w
a
p
g
e
t
s
h
u
e
r
e
s
h
a
p
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
u
t
h
b)
rt
io
n
s
g
e
u
e
h
e
ii
g
h
t
Tongue height.
Frontness/ Backness: turn position ( turn part)
Tenseness/ Laxness :
Long vowels/ Short vowels
Lip Rounding : lips sharp
l
s
n
r
i
p
e
o
p
r
u
s
e
t
n
a
r
d
d
a
l
Open vowel= o
Half-close=e
Close vowel= i
Tongue position
front
high
Tongue
height
centre
iː ɪ
mid
e
back
uː
ʊ
ɔ
ɔː
ð
ʌ
æ æ ɛ
low ɪ/ ˌɔː
æ ɛ
ʊ eɔ
ɪ/ ˌɔː
spread
ʊ e ɔ aː
ɒ
ɑː
æ ɛ
ɪa/ː ˌɔː
ʊ e ɔ aː round
neutral
Not close near=> approximants
/iː / tense=> long + spread vowel=> close front area
/ ɪ/
/e/ short, lax, front, mid.
/ æ/ short
/u:/ rounded, produced
/ʊ/ short, lax
/ə/: long neutral=> schwa => unstress.
Resonance vowels
Quality
For: mạnh : phonological: đi chung với
/ɜː/ short vowels=> relatively short=> không chính xác cho tất cả trường hợp.
ð
ð
ð
ð
p
N
a
g
s
h
u
s
o
y
i
n
ê
m
o
n
i
l
l
o
â
a
g
m
t
y
i
+
o
n
v
o
w
e
l
s
=
>
s
h
o
r
t
Long vowels
1) Context: fortis consonants ( âm mạnh)
Quality: tongue height , tongue position, lips
rounding
Lengt
h
Short vowels
+voice : yếu
+ voiceless: mạnh
bet
bed
short long
palatal
2) Present or absence of stress
‘record & re’cord
c) Dithong: glide : trượt từ âm này sang âm khác.
centre
/ɪə/
/eə/
/ʊə/
closing
/aɪ/
/eɪ/
/ɔɪ/
ending
/ʊ/
/aʊ/
/əʊ/
d) Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in the language which can distinguish two words
- Have to contrast in the same environment
- Minimal pair: when two words are identical in every way, except one segment
( phoneme) which is the same position
D. Major Class feature
1) Obstruents
a
o
c
f
n
n
r
o
f
s
i
n
f
t
c
r
r
a
c
i
u
n
t
o
c
e
u
i
n
a
n
e
v
t
t
n
i
e
s
t
n
(
u
p
a
a
n
r
t
t
i
a
l
)
2) Sonorous: nasal/approximant/vowels
=> không bị chặn ở đâu đó ex: o; a
=> continuent
Phonetic => articulation
Phonology=> distribution
a) Sibilants (hissing sound) huýt sáo
f
s
a
i
f
r
i
b
f
i
r
c
a
l
i
a
c
t
i
n
a
t
v
s
e
s
ð
b) Syllabic
+ central part of syllable ; + vowel
liquids (unstressed syllable; /l/;/r/) & nasals => syllabic
consonants are not syllabic
Allophones
u
a
l
s
n
l
p
a
o
i
s
r
p
h
a
i
o
t
r
n
e
a
e
d
t
s
e
/
d
p
/
:
never occur the same position
different forms of a phonemes
obstruents: non- continuant (fully obstructed, orals, affricates)
continuant ( partially obstructed, fricatives)
sonorous: nasals, liquids, semi-vowels.
Vowels: continuant
Sibilants: fricative creating hissing sounds + affricate
allophones: different forms of a phoneme.
Nature of syllable
onset
(C)
-
Centre
(V)
Coda
- (C)
pea
Vowel (optionalk )
(C)
=> isolation obligatory
Isolation sound: m/ s (silent ) (ask to)
(indicate agreement)
Onset (C) : begin (V)
Coda (not onset) : ( C) after ( V)
Both onset + Coda: between 2 ( C)
Structures
Onset ( zero onset) : begin vowel.
+ 1C => C: any phoneme but ( n, ʒ rare)
2C or 3C => consonant cluster
C
s
o
n
m
s
e
o
n
p
a
h
n
o
t
n
e
c
s
l
u
s
t
e
r
Square /skæ(r) /
/skiːm/ /stjuː/
Coda : end; zero consonant => no consonant
Final consonant : !C at end ( except h, r, w, j)
Pre-initial ( m, n, ŋ, l, s) + final
Final + post-final ( s, z, t, d, θ)
2 types of 3C cluster
Pre- + final + postFinal + post-1 + post-2
Rhyme : vần
w
p
o
o
a
n
r
sk
d
e
tc
o
d
e
Phonemic transcription : no relationship
Phonetic transcription : relationship with each other sounds: quality of the sound are
more accurate.
b: voice but come first => devoice
an assimilation rule
ex: sink / sɪŋk/
nasalization
~ + nasal
1) V
2) Devoice
a) C
i
vl
+
nasal
approximant
o
b)
i
Cvdf (stops/ fricatives/affricates)
C vd
[ bæd]
+Deletion
/ə/ schwa
o
o
Optional delete unstressed vowels in rapid casual speech.
Delete a / ɡ/ => before final nasal stop /m/ or /n/
Ex: sign /saɪn/ vs. signature /ˈsɪgnɪtʃə/
Delete a word-final /b/ => after an /m/
Comb /kəʊm/
bomb /bɒm/
Delete the middle consonant => complex consonant cluster esp. a plosive ;
Scripts / skrɪpts/
Aspiration rules : voice stop /p,t, k/
Word 1st : p : possible / ‘pʰ ɒsɪbl]
Word-internally => stress syllable : appear
Voiceless and stops => unaspirated
Shorteness
Unstressed * glottal stop :t,d => replace button
Unstressed * Flap/tap /t/, /d/ , changing
Alveolar oral stops => voiced flap [D]
Stressed vowel -[ D] –unstressed vowel
Neutralization
Allophones of English phonemes
Clear [l] : before law
Dark [l] ; /u:/ after a vowel or before a consonant
Devoice [l] no voicing start a stressed syllable. After [p], [k] play
Syllabic [l] stand as a peak of the syllable ex: cattle
ɑː ʌ ə
uː]
dʒ æ ɛ tr /ɪ/ ˌɔː aɪ ʊ e ɔ aː ɜː /p/, /t/, /k/ and /tʃ/
([pʰ], [tʰ], [kʰ] iː
/ʃ/ /ʒ/ /l/ /b/ /p/ /k//θ/ /f//ð//ɡ//ʒ//n//h//m/
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