Mô tả:
Phương pháp dạy ngữ pháp (How to teach grammar)
Lecturer: Thu, Le Pham Thien
Materials
1. Harmer, J. (2007) The Practice Of English
Language Teaching. Pearson Longman.
2. Harmer, J. (2012) Essential Teacher
Knowledge. Pearson Education Limited.
3. Thornbury, S. (1999) How To Teach
Grammar. Pearson Education Limited.
The importance of Grammar in
learning a foreign language
• In order to understand a language and to
express oneself correctly, one must
assimilate the grammar system of the
language studied.
• One may know all the words in a sentence
but fail to understand it if one does not
know the relationship of the units of a
sentence as they are arranged in a pattern.
e.g. “home, we, at, not, are, now, right”
What is Grammar?
• Here is an example of language in use:
“This is 2680239. We are not at home right now.
Please leave a message after the beep.”
An answerphone message kind of text
3 sentences consisting of words the
words consist of sounds (when spoken)
• All language in use can be analyzed at each
of these four levels: text, sentence, word and
sound the forms of language.
What is Grammar?
• The study of Grammar consists of looking
at the way these forms are arranged and
patterned.
For example:
- If you change the order of the sentences
not well-formed message
“Please leave a message after the beep. This is
2680239. We are not at home right now.”
What is Grammar?
For example:
- If you change the order of words in each
sentence:
“Beep after a leave the please message.”
- If you change the order of sounds in a word:
“peeb”
Grammar is a description of the rules that govern
how a language’s sentences are formed.
How to teach Grammar
from rules?
There are 2 important definitions:
1/ A Deductive Approach:
starts with the presentation of a
rule and is followed by examples
in which the rule is applied.
How to teach Grammar
from rules?
Advantages of using a deductive approach:
It gets straight to the point time-saving,
allow more time for practice and
application
It respects students’ intelligence (esp.
adults), expectations, and learning style
(for those who have an analytical learning
style)
How to teach Grammar
from rules?
Disadvantages of using a deductive
approach:
It can be seen as dull, over-technical, and
demotivating
Certain kinds of learners, including
younger ones, may react negatively
It encourages the belief that learning a
language is simply a case of knowing the
rules
How to teach Grammar
from rules?
Characteristics of helpful rules:
Truth: rules should be true.
Limitation: rules should show clearly what
the limits are on the use of a given form.
Clarity: Rules should be clear.
Simplicity: Rules should be simple.
Familiarity: An explanation should try to
make use of concepts familiar to the learner.
Relevance: A rule should answer only those
questions that the student needs answered.
How to teach Grammar
from rules?
How to teach Grammar
from examples?
An Inductive Approach:
starts with some examples from
which a rule is inferred.
How to teach Grammar
from examples?
Advantages of using an inductive approach:
Rules learners discover for themselves are
more likely to fix their existing mental
structures than rules they have been
presented with meaningful, memorable,
and serviceable.
A greater degree of Cognitive Depth
Students are more actively involved in the
learning process more attentive, more
motivated
How to teach Grammar
from examples?
Advantages of using an inductive approach:
It
favours
pattern-recognition
and
problem-solving abilities challenging
If
the
problem-solving
is
done
collaboratively learners get the
opportunity for extra language practice.
Prepare students for greater self-reliance
learner autonomy
How to teach Grammar
from examples?
Disadvantages of using an inductive
approach:
Time consumed and energy spent
Students may generalize into a wrong
rule
Heavy demand on teachers in planning a
lesson
Frustrate
the
students who have
unsuccessful learning style or experience
How to teach Grammar
from examples?
How to teach Grammar
through texts?
The word “word” can mean different things
in different contexts. Ex:
What does this word mean?
Can I have a word with you?
I give you my word.
Word has it that they are getting married.
If you want help, just say the word.
How should I word this letter?
How to teach Grammar
through texts?
Language is context-sensitive. Without
context, it is very difficult to recover the
intended meaning of a single word or
phrase.
There are at least three levels or layers of
context:
• the co-text (the surrounding text),
• the context of situation (the situation in
which the text is used)
• the context of culture
How to teach Grammar
through texts?
The implications of this contextsensitive view of language on
grammar teaching are that:
• Grammar is best taught and
practised in context.
• This means using whole texts as
contexts for grammar teaching.
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