Tài liệu California mathematics grade 3 (tài liệu học toán bằng tiếng anh lớp 3)

Authors Altieri • Balka • Day • Gonsalves • Grace • Krulik Malloy • Molix-Bailey • Moseley • Mowry • Myren Price • Reynosa • Santa Cruz • Silbey • Vielhaber About the Cover Located in the Piney Woods region of Texas, Tyler is known as the Rose Capital of America. It is also home to a popular 85-foot, 6-lane, wooden slot car track. The track is designed for 1:32 and 1:24 scale cars. You will learn more about ratios in Chapter 6. About the Graphics Colored Truchet bands. Created with Mathematica. A random 2D Truchet image is constructed. The connected arcs of the image are identified and randomly colored in a band-like manner. For more information, and for programs to construct such graphics, see: www.wolfram.com/r/textbook. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior permission of the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN-13: 978-0-02-105657-6 ISBN-10: 0-02-105657-9 Printed in the United States of America. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 055/027 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 Start Smart Chapter 1 Place Value and Number Sense Chapter 2 Addition Chapter 3 Subtraction Chapter 4 Multiplication Concepts and Facts Chapter 5 More Multiplication Facts Chapter 6 Division Concepts and Facts Chapter 7 More Division Facts Chapter 8 Measurement: Customary System Chapter 9 Measurement: Metric System Chapter 10 Measurement and Geometry Chapter 11 Statistics: Data, Graphs, and Probability Chapter 12 Fractions Chapter 13 Fractions and Decimals Chapter 14 Multiply by One-Digit Numbers Chapter 15 Divide by One-Digit Numbers Standards Review Looking Ahead to Grade 4 iii Authors Mary Behr Altieri Putnam/Northern Westchester BOCES Yorktown Heights, New York Philip D. Gonsalves Mathematics Coordinator Alameda County Office of Education and California State University East Bay Hayward, California Ellen C. Grace Consultant Albuquerque, New Mexico Rhonda J. Molix-Bailey Mathematics Consultant Mathematics by Design Desoto, Texas iv Doug Martin Photography Don S. Balka Professor Emeritus Saint Mary’s College Notre Dame, Indiana Roger Day, Ph.D. Mathematics Department Chair Pontiac Township High School Pontiac, Illinois Stephen Krulik Mathematics Consultant Cherry Hill, New Jersey Lois Gordon Moseley Staff Developer NUMBERS: Mathematics Professional Development Houston, Texas Carol E. Malloy Assistant Professor of Mathematics Education University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina Brian Mowry Independent Math Educational Consultant/Part time Pre-K Instructional Specialist Austin Independent School District Austin, Texas Meet the Authors at ca.gr3math.com Christina L. Myren Consultant Teacher Conejo Valley Unified School District Thousand Oaks, California Jack Price Professor Emeritus California State Polytechnic University Pomona, California Mary Esther Reynosa Instructional Specialist for Elementary Mathematics Northside Independent School District San Antonio, Texas Rafaela M. Santa Cruz SDSU/CGU Doctoral Program in Education San Diego State University San Diego, California Robyn Silbey Math Content Coach Montgomery County Public Schools Gaithersburg, Maryland Kathleen Vielhaber Mathematics Consultant St. Louis, Missouri Contributing Authors Viken Hovsepian Professor of Mathematics Rio Hondo College Whittier, California Donna J. Long Mathematics, Consultant Indianapolis, Indiana Dinah Zike Educational Consultant Dinah-Might Activities, Inc. San Antonio, Texas v Doug Martin Photography California Mathematics Advisory Board Glencoe wishes to thank the following professionals for their invaluable feedback during the development of the program. They reviewed the table of contents, the prototype of the Teacher Wraparound Edition, and the California Standards Review chapter. Cheryl L. Avalos Mathematics Consultant Retired Teacher Hacienda Heights, California William M. Bokesch Rancho Bernardo High School San Diego, California Patty Brown Teacher John Muir Elementary Fresno, California David J. Chamberlain Secondary Mathematics Resource Teacher Capistrano Unified School District San Juan Capistrano, California Eppie Chung K-6 Teacher Modesto City Schools Modesto, California Lisa Marie Cirrincione Middle School Teacher Lincoln Middle School Oceanside, California Carol Cronk Mathematics Program Specialist San Bernardino City Unified School District San Bernardino, California Ilene Foster Teacher Specialist– Mathematics Pomona Unified School District Pomona, California Grant A. Fraser, Ph. D. Professor of Mathematics California State University, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California vi File Photo Suzanne Bocskai Freire Teacher Kingswood Elementary Citrus Heights, California Beth Holguin Teacher Graystone Elementary San Jose, California Donna M. Kopenski, Ed. D. Mathematics Coordinator K-5 City Heights Educational Collaborative San Diego, California Kelly Mack 6th Grade Teacher Captain Jason Dahl Elementary San Jose, California Juvenal Martinez Dual Immersion/ESL Instructor Aeolian Elementary Whittier, California John McGuire Associate Principal Pacific Union School Arcata, California Dr. Donald R. Price Teacher, Adjunct Professor Rowland Unified School District Rowland Heights, California Kasey St. James Mathematics Teacher Sunny Hills High School Fullerton, California Arthur K. Wayman, Ph. D. Professor of Mathematics Emeritus California State University, Long Beach Long Beach, California Beverly Wells First Grade Teacher Mineral King Elementary School Visalia, California Frances Basich Whitney Project Director, Mathematics K-12 Santa Cruz County Office of Education Capitola, California vii File Photo Consultants Macmillan/McGraw-Hill wishes to thank the following professionals for their feedback. They were instrumental in providing valuable input toward the development of this program in these specific areas. Mathematical Content Family Involvement Viken Hovsepian Professor of Mathematics Rio Hondo College Whittier, California Grant A. Fraser, Ph.D. Professor of Mathematics California State University, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California Arthur K. Wayman, Ph.D. Professor of Mathematics Emeritus California State University, Long Beach Long Beach, California Paul Giganti, Jr. Mathematics Education Consultant Albany, California Assessment Jane D. Gawronski Director of Assessment and Outreach San Diego State University San Diego, California Cognitive Guided Instruction Susan B. Empson Associate Professor of Mathematics and Science Education University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas English Learners Cheryl Avalos Mathematics Consultant Los Angeles County Office of Education, Retired Hacienda Heights, California Kathryn Heinze Graduate School of Education Hamline University St. Paul, Minnesota viii Literature David M. Schwartz Children’s Author, Speaker, Storyteller Oakland, Califorinia Vertical Alignment Berchie Holliday National Educational Consultant Silver Spring, Maryland Deborah A. Hutchens, Ed.D. Principal Norfolk Highlands Elementary Chesapeake, Virginia California Reviewers Each California Reviewer reviewed at least two chapters of the Student Edition, giving feedback and suggestions for improving the effectiveness of the mathematics instruction. Sherry G. Anderson Teacher/G.A.T.E. Coordinator Will Rogers Elementary Lynwood, California Kristi Iverson First Grade Teacher Village Oaks Elementary Stockton, California Deborah Shapiro 5th Grade Teacher Nancy Cory Lancaster, California Ysaaca Axelrod Kindergarten Teacher El Monte Elementary Concord, California Sheri Leiken Teacher Weathersfield Elementary Thousand Oaks, California Cathy Bullock Teacher Capri Elementary Encinitas, California Sarab H. Lopes Teacher Anza Elementary El Cajon, California Maureen Smith Curriculum Specialist Fremont Unified School Dist. (retired 6/2006) Fremont, California Michelle Callender Teacher Morgan/Kincaid Preparatory School of Integrated Studies Victorville, California Karen E. Lund 5th Grade Teacher Meadow Park Elementary Irvine, California M. Olivia Campos 4th Grade Teacher Morrison Elementary Norwalk, California Malaura Page Easton, M.S. Kindergarten Teacher La Pluma School La Mirada, California Priscilla S. Edwards 5th Grade Classroom Teacher David Reese Elementary Sacramento, California Lisa B. Friedberg 4th Grade Teacher Alderwood Basics Plus School Irvine, California Wendy Smith Hernandez Kindergarten Teacher Herndon-Barstow Elementary Fresno, California Beth Holguin Teacher Graystone School San Jose, CA Efrain Melendez Teacher Livermore Valley USD Livermore, California Jean A. Nelson Teacher Fremont Elementary School Alhambra, California Tara Pahia Elementary Teacher Bear Gulch Elementary Rancho Cucamonga, California Dr. Donald R. Price Teacher, Adjunct Professor Rowland Unified School District Rowland Heights, California Kitty Ritz, M.A. Teacher Monte Vista Elementary Rohnert Park, California Corinne E. Schwartz First Grade Teacher Lincrest Elementary School Yuba City, CA Joseph M. Snodgrass 3rd Grade Teacher Park Elementary School Alhambra, California Marie W. Stevens Elementary Mathematics Coordinator LAUSD Los Angeles, California Jane Traut Classroom Teacher Lang Ranch Elementary School Thousand Oaks, California Rachel C. Trowbridge Teacher Evergreen Elementary San Jose, California Cynthia H. Vandemoortel Educator Alderwood Basics Plus School Irvine, California Norine Yale Teacher Justin Elementary Simi Valley, California Dr. Darlene York Education Consultant Associate Professor/Antioch University Seattle, Washington ix Problem Solving: The Great Giants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Number Sense: Now That’s Hot! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Algebra and Functions: At the Aquarium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Measurement: Measure Away . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Geometry: Food and Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Statistics, Data Analysis, and Probability: How Fast Can You Go? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 x Arthur Morris/CORBIS CH APTER 1 Place Value and Number Sense Are You Ready for Chapter 1? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 1-1 Number Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 1-2 Problem-Solving Skill: Use the Four-Step Plan Explore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Math Activity for 1-3: Place Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 1-3 Place Value through 1,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 1-4 Place Value through 10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Mid-Chapter Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 1-5 Problem-Solving Investigation: Choose a Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 1-6 Compare Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 1-7 Order Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Problem Solving in Geography: The Mighty Mississippi 1-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Round to the Nearest Ten and Hundred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 Game Time: Round Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 1-9 Round to the Nearest Thousand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 ASSESSMENT Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 California Standards Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 California Standards Practice • 27, 31, 37, 41, 51, 59, 60, 61 Higher Order Thinking 19, 27, 30, 37, 41, 46, 51 19, 21, 23, 27, 30, 31, 33, 37, 41, 46, 51, 59 xi CH APTER 2 Addition Are You Ready for Chapter 2? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 2-1 Addition Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 2-2 Problem-Solving Skill: Estimate or Exact Answer 2-3 Estimate Sums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 2-4 Two-Digit Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 Mid-Chapter Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 2-5 Add Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 Problem Solving in Geography: A Walk in the Park 2-6 Problem-Solving Investigation: Choose a Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 Explore 2-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Math Activity for 2-7: Add Three-Digit Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 Three-Digit Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 Game Time: How Low Can You Go? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 2-8 Add Greater Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 ASSESSMENT Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 California Standards Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 California Standards Practice • 73, 77, 81, 95, 101, 102, 103 Higher Order Thinking 67, 73, 76, 81, 90, 95 67, 69, 73, 76, 77, 81, 85, 87, 95, 101 xii CORBIS CH APTER 3 Subtraction Are You Ready for Chapter 3? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 3-1 Two-Digit Subtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 3-2 Estimate Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 3-3 Subtract Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Mid-Chapter Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Problem Solving in Music: The Sounds of the Symphony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 3-4 Problem-Solving Skill: Reasonable Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Explore Math Activity for 3-5: Subtract Three-Digit Numbers with Regrouping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 3-5 Three-Digit Subtraction with Regrouping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 3-6 Problem-Solving Investigation: Choose a Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 3-7 Subtract Greater Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Game Time: Do Not Zero Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 3-8 Subtract Across Zeros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 3-9 Algebra: Expressions and Number Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 ASSESSMENT Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 California Standards Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 California Standards Practice • 113, 117, 127, 137, 141, 149, 150, 151 Higher Order Thinking 113, 116, 127, 137, 141 109, 113, 116, 117, 121, 123, 127, 129, 132, 137, 141, 149 xiii CH APTER 4 Multiplication Concepts and Facts Are You Ready for Chapter 4? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Explore Math Activity for 4-1: Meaning of Multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 4-1 Multiplication as Repeated Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 4-2 Arrays and Multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 4-3 Multiply by 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Mid-Chapter Check. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 4-4 Multiply by 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Game Time: Factor Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 4-5 Problem-Solving Skill: Extra or Missing Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 4-6 Multiply by 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Facts Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 4-7 Multiply by 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Problem Solving in Science: Lots of Arms and Legs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 4-8 Problem-Solving Investigation: Choose a Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 4-9 Multiply by 0 and 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Facts Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 ASSESSMENT Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 California Standards Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 California Standards Practice • 163, 137, 181, 188, 195, 196, 197 Higher Order Thinking 159, 163, 166, 170, 176, 181, 188 156, 159, 163, 166, 167, 170, 176, 181, 185, 188, 195 xiv Ellen McKnight/Alamy Images CH APTER 5 More Multiplication Facts Are You Ready for Chapter 5? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Explore Math Activity for 5-1: Multiplication Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 5-1 Multiply by 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 5-2 Multiply by 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Facts Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Game Time: Three in a Row . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 5-3 Problem-Solving Strategy: Look for a Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 5-4 Multiply by 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Mid-Chapter Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 5-5 Multiply by 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 5-6 Multiply by 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Facts Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 5-7 Problem-Solving Investigation: Choose a Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 5-8 Algebra: Associative Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Problem Solving in Art: Not Just a Blanket 5-9 Algebra: Find a Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 ASSESSMENT Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 California Standards Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 California Standards Practice • 209, 217, 221, 231, 237, 245, 246, 247 Higher Order Thinking 205, 208, 216, 221, 224, 231, 237 202, 205, 208, 213, 216, 217, 221, 224, 227, 231, 237, 245 xv CH APTER 6 Division Concepts and Facts Are You Ready for Chapter 6? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Explore 6-1 Math Activity for 6-1: Understand Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Relate Division and Subtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Explore Math Activity for 6-2: Relate Multiplication to Division . . . . . . . . . . . 256 6-2 Relate Multiplication to Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 6-3 Problem-Solving Skill: Choose an Operation 6-4 Divide by 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Mid-Chapter Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 6-5 Divide by 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Problem Solving in Community: Communities within Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 6-6 Problem-Solving Investigation: Choose a Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 6-7 Divide by 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Game Time: Number Cubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 6-8 Division Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 ASSESSMENT Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 California Standards Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 California Standards Practice • 261, 267, 271, 278, 287, 288, 289 Higher Order Thinking 255, 261, 266, 271, 277, 281 252, 255, 257, 261, 263, 266, 267, 271, 275, 277, 281, 287 xvi Jim West/The Image Works CH APTER 7 More Division Facts Are You Ready for Chapter 7? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Explore Math Activity for 7-1: Divide Using a Multiplication Table . . . . . . . . 293 7-1 Divide by 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 7-2 Divide by 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 7-3 Problem-Solving Strategy: Make a Table 7-4 Divide by 6 and 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Mid-Chapter Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Problem Solving in Civics: Stars and Stripes 7-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Divide by 8 and 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Game Time: Facts Roll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 7-6 Determine Unit Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 7-7 Problem-Solving Investigation: Choose a Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 7-8 Algebra: Expressions and Equations 7-9 Algebra: Translate Words to Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 ASSESSMENT Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 California Standards Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 California Standards Practice • 301, 307, 317, 323, 327, 335, 336, 337 Higher Order Thinking 297, 301, 306, 312, 317, 323, 327 294, 297, 301, 303, 306, 307, 312, 317, 319, 323, 327 xvii CH APTER Measurement: Customary System 8 Are You Ready for Chapter 8? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 Explore Measurement Activity for 8-1: Length to the Nearest Inch . . . . . . 341 8-1 Length to the Nearest Half Inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 8-2 Customary Units of Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 8-3 Problem-Solving Strategy: Work Backward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 Explore 8-4 Measurement Activity for 8-4: Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 Customary Units of Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Game Time: Capacity Guess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 Mid-Chapter Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 8-5 Problem-Solving Investigation: Choose a Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 8-6 Customary Units of Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 Problem Solving in Science: Lengths, Heights, and Weights, Oh My! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 8-7 Convert Units of Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 ASSESSMENT Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 California Standards Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 California Standards Practice • 349, 357, 359, 365, 371, 377, 378, 379 Higher Order Thinking 345, 349, 357, 365, 371 342, 345, 349, 351, 353, 357, 359, 361, 365, 371, 377 xviii CH APTER 9 Measurement: Metric System Are You Ready for Chapter 9? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Explore 9-1 Measurement Activity for 9-1: Millimeter and Centimeter . . . . . . . 383 Metric Units of Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Game Time: Hit the Target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 9-2 Problem-Solving Strategy: Guess and Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 9-3 Metric Units of Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 Mid-Chapter Check. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 9-4 Problem-Solving Ivestigation: Choose a Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 9-5 Metric Units of Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 Problem Solving in Science: A Visit to the Supermarket 9-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Metric Unit Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 ASSESSMENT Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 California Standards Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 California Standards Practice • 388, 395, 401, 407, 413, 414, 415 Higher Order Thinking 388, 394, 401, 407 384, 388, 391, 394, 395, 397, 401, 407, 413 xix John Cancalosi/Peter Arnold, Inc. CH APTER 10 Measurement and Geometry Are You Ready for Chapter 10? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 10-1 Geometry: Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 10-2 Measurement: Perimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 Explore Measurement Activity for 10-3: Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 10-3 Measurement: Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 10-4 Problem-Solving Strategy: Solve a Simpler Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 10-5 Triangles and Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 Mid-Chapter Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 10-6 Geometry: Quadrilaterals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 10-7 Problem-Solving Investigation: Choose a Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 10-8 Geometry: Solid Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 Game Time: Guess the Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 10-9 Complex Solid Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 Problem Solving in Art: Gardens Under Glass Explore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 Measurement Activity for 10-10: Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 10-10 Measurement: Find Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 ASSESSMENT Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 California Standards Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 California Standards Practice • 425, 431, 437, 441, 446, 457, 465, 466, 467 Higher Order Thinking 421, 425, 430, 436, 441, 446, 449, 457 421, 425, 427, 430, 433, 436, 437, 441, 443, 446, 449, 453, 457, 465 xx PETE OXFORD/Minden Pictures