Tài liệu Kaplan Mcat 528 Advanced Prep For Advanced Students (Kaplan Test Prep)

® MCAT 528 Advanced Prep for Advanced Students Edited By Deeangelee Pooran-Kublall, MD/MPH The Kaplan MCAT 528 Team Deeangelee Pooran-Kublall, MD/MPH Editor-in-Chief Christopher Durland Kaplan MCAT Faculty, Editor Matthew Dominick Eggert Kaplan MCAT Faculty, Author Samer T. Ismail Kaplan MCAT Faculty, Author/Editor Thomas C. C. Sargent, II Kaplan MCAT Faculty, Author Laura Ambler Kaplan MCAT Faculty, Author MCAT faculty writers/contributers: Marilyn Engel, Jason Pflieger, Uneeb Qureshi, Neha Rao, Charles Richards, Noah Silva Countless thanks to Kim Bowers; Eric Chiu; Samantha Fallon; Owen Farcy; Dan Frey; Robin Garmise; Rita Garhaffner; Joanna Graham; Adam Grey; Allison Harm; Alex Macnow, MD; Aaron Lemon-Strauss; Keith Lubeley; Petros Minasi; John Polstein; Rochelle Rothstein, MD; Larry Rudman; Sylvia Tidwell Scheuring; Carly Schnur; Lee Weiss; and many others who made this project possible. About the MCAT The structure of the four sections of the MCAT is shown below. Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems Time 95 minutes • 59 questions • Score range: 118 and 132 Format • Most questions are passage-based, but some are discrete (standalone) questions • Biochemistry: 25% What It • Biology: 65% Tests • General Chemistry: 5% • Organic Chemistry: 5% Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems Time 95 minutes • 59 questions • Score range: 118 and 132 Format • Most questions are passage-based, but some are discrete (standalone) questions What It Tests • Biochemistry: 25% • Biology: 5% • General Chemistry: 30% • Organic Chemistry: 15% • Physics: 25% Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior Time 95 minutes • 59 questions • Score range: 118 and 132 Format • Most questions are passage-based, but some are discrete (standalone) questions • Biology: 5% What It • Psychology: 65% Tests • Sociology: 30% Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills (CARS) Time 90 minutes • 53 questions • Score range: 118 and 132 Format • All questions are passage-based. There are no discrete (standalone) questions. Disciplines: • Humanities: 50% What It Tests • Social Sciences: 50% Skills: • Foundations of Comprehension: 30% • Reasoning Within the Text: 30% • Reasoning Beyond the Text: 40% Total Testing Time Questions Score Range 375 minutes (6 hours, 15 minutes) 230 472 to 528 The MCAT also tests four Scientific Inquiry and Reasoning Skills (SIRS): 1. Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles 2. Scientific Reasoning and Problem-Solving 3. Reasoning about the Design and Execution of Research 4. Data-Based and Statistical Reasoning The MCAT is a computer-based test (CBT) and is offered at Prometric centers during almost every month of the year. There are optional breaks between each section, and a lunch break between the second and third sections of the exam. Register online for the MCAT at www.aamc.org/mcat. For further questions, contact the MCAT team at the Association of American Medical Colleges: MCAT Resource Center Association of American Medical Colleges (202) 828-0690 www.aamc.org/mcat mcat@aamc.org How This Book Was Created The Kaplan MCAT 528 book was created to give advanced MCAT students an edge on the MCAT exam. This book highlights the content areas on the MCAT whose mastery will help students achieve their highest possible MCAT score on Test Day. To that end, we had learning science experts poll all of our expert MCAT faculty and trainers to discern the most high-yield and high-difficulty topics for students. Based on the results of that study, we were able to identify the content topics that even the most advanced students might need an extra. Then, we had our most qualified item writers create challenging test-like passages to provide that extra practice. Additionally, the Kaplan MCAT 528 book contains strategic callouts derived from Kaplan’s experience in test-taking. In fact, skills are provided to help students work through the tough passages and get the academic boon that will allow them to get the highest score possible (528) on the 2015 MCAT. A team of highly dedicated writers worked very long hours to create this resource. However, this book was submitted for publication in April 2014. For any updates after this date, please visit www.kaplanmcat.com. If you have any questions about the content presented here, email KaplanMCATfeedback@kaplan.com. For other questions not related to content, email booksupport@kaplan.com. This book has seen at least five rounds of review. To that end, the information presented it is true and accurate to the best of our knowledge. Still, your feedback helps us improve our prep materials. Please notify us of any inaccuracies or errors in the books by sending an email to KaplanMCATfeedback@kaplan.com. Using This Book Kaplan’s MCAT 528 brings the best of Kaplan’s classroom experience to you—right in your home, at your convenience. This book offers the same Kaplan strategies and practice that make Kaplan the #1 choice for MCAT prep. After all, twice as many doctors prepared with Kaplan for the MCAT than with any other course. This book is designed to help you approach the most challenging topics covered on the MCAT in a strategic way. It represents just one of the practice resources available to you from Kaplan. Additional resources are available in your Online Center, including more practice questions, video science review, and full-length practice exams. Register for your Online Center at kaptest.com/booksonline. No matter how confident you are in the content for the MCAT, please understand that content review—no matter how thorough—is not sufficient preparation for the MCAT! The MCAT tests not only your science knowledge, but also your critical reading, reasoning, and problemsolving skills. Do not assume that simply memorizing the content will earn you high scores on Test Day; to maximize your score, you must also improve your reading and test-taking skills through MCAT-style questions and practice tests. That is precisely what this book strives to offer: challenging, MCAT-style worked examples and practice targeting the most high-yield and difficult topics on the exam. STRATEGIC OVERVIEWS This book simplifies the skills tested by the AAMC and Kaplan’s Methods for applying those skills in the different content areas by answering three main questions: 1) What are the skills/strategies/content you need to know? 2) How are the skills/strategies/content presented on the exam? 3) How can you get the edge in that particular skill/strategy/content area? MCAT Practice In this book, MCAT Practice is provided in two forms: 1) The first type of practice is in the form of worked examples. These passages and question sets were designed for the students to be able to try on their own AND/OR see how an expert would work through them using Kaplan’s methods, thereby giving you the tools you need to succeed on Test Day. 2) The second type of practice is in the form of practice passages/sections (in the book and online) that help you apply the strategies and tips that were demonstrated in the worked examples so that you gain mastery and can use them seamlessly on Test Day. SIDEBARS The following is a legend of the four types of sidebars you’ll find in Kaplan’s MCAT 528: • Key Concept: These sidebars draw attention to the most important takeaways in a given topic, and sometimes offer synopses or overviews of complex information. If you understand nothing else, make sure you get the Key Concepts for any given subject. • MCAT Expertise: These sidebars point out how information may be tested on the MCAT, or offer key strategy points and test-taking tips that you should apply on Test Day. • Things to Watch Out For: These sidebars will warn you of common traps students fall into when answering a specific question type. • Takeaways: These sidebars will help you understand the point of a question so you won’t just walk away from it bogged down with details. To this end, this is your book, so write in the margins, draw diagrams, highlight the key points—do whatever is necessary to help you get that higher score. We look forward to working with you as you achieve your dreams and become the doctor you deserve to be! Contents The Kaplan MCAT 528 Team About the MCAT How This Book Was Created Using This Book Related MCAT Titles UNIT I: MCAT BASICS AND TEST STRATEGY CHAPTER 1: About the MCAT 1.1 The Four Sections of the MCAT 1.2 Five Common Misconceptions about the MCAT 1.3 What the MCAT Will Look Like CHAPTER 2: Reading the Kaplan Way 2.1 How to Read Strategically Using Keywords 2.2 How to Critically Analyze Passages 2.3 How to Attack Different Passage Types CHAPTER 3: Kaplan’s Question and Answer Strategy 3.1 Kaplan Method for Questions 3.2 Wrong Answer Pathologies 3.3 Signs of a Healthy Answer 3.4 Getting the Edge Using the Question Strategy 3.5 Concept and Strategy Summary UNIT II: STRATEGIC INQUIRY AND REASONING SKILLS CHAPTER 4: Skills 1 and 2 4.1 What Are Skills 1 and 2? 4.2 How Will Skills 1 and 2 Be Tested? 4.3 Getting the Edge with Skills 1 and 2 CHAPTER 5: Skill 3 5.1 What Is Skill 3? 5.2 Fundamental Concepts of Skill 3 5.3 How Will Skill 3 Be Tested? 5.4 Getting the Edge in Skill 3 Questions CHAPTER 6: Skill 4 6.1 What Is Skill 4? 6.2 Fundamental Concepts of Skill 4 6.3 How Will Skill 4 Be Tested? 6.4 Getting the Edge in Skill 4 UNIT III: SCIENCE SUBJECT REVIEW CHAPTER 7: Science Unit Overview 7.1 Topic Overview 7.2 Passages as Worked Examples 7.3 Passages as Practice Problems CHAPTER 8: Behavioral Sciences 8.1 Reading the Passage 8.2 Answering the Questions 8.3 Getting the Edge in Behavioral Sciences 8.4 Step-by-Step Guide to Behavioral Sciences Passages 8.5 Preparing for the MCAT: Psychology 8.6 Preparing for the MCAT: Sociology 8.7 Behavioral Sciences Worked Examples Behavioral Sciences Passage I Explanation Behavioral Sciences Passage II Explanation 8.8 Behavioral Sciences Practice CHAPTER 9: Biochemistry 9.1 Reading the Passage 9.2 Answering the Questions 9.3 Getting the Edge in Biochemistry 9.4 Step-By-Step Guide to Biochemistry Passages 9.5 Preparing for the MCAT: Biochemistry in the Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems Section 9.6 Preparing for the MCAT: Biochemistry in the Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems Section 9.7 Biochemistry Worked Examples Biochemistry Passage I Explanation Biochemistry Passage II Explanation 9.8 Biochemistry Practice CHAPTER 10: Biology 10.1 Reading the Passage 10.2 Answering the Questions 10.3 Getting the Edge in Biology 10.4 Step-By-Step Guide to Biology Passages 10.5 Preparing for the MCAT: Biology 10.6 Biology Worked Examples Biology Passage I Explanation Biology Passage II Explanation 10.7 Biology Practice CHAPTER 11: General Chemistry 11.1 Reading the Passage 11.2 Answering the Questions 11.3 Getting the Edge in General Chemistry 11.4 Step-By-Step Guide to General Chemistry Passages 11.5 Preparing for the MCAT: General Chemistry 11.6 General Chemistry Worked Examples General Chemistry Passage I Explanation General Chemistry Passage II Explanation 11.7 General Chemistry Practice CHAPTER 12: Organic Chemistry 12.1 Reading the Passage 12.2 Answering the Questions 12.3 Getting the Edge in Organic Chemistry 12.4 Step-By-Step Guide to Organic Chemistry Passages 12.5 Preparing for the MCAT: Organic Chemistry 12.6 Organic Chemistry Worked Examples Organic Chemistry Passage I Explanation Organic Chemistry Passage II Explanation 12.7 Organic Chemistry Practice CHAPTER 13: Physics 13.1 Reading the Passage 13.2 Answering the Questions 13.3 Getting the Edge in Physics 13.4 Step-By-Step Guide to the Physics Passage and Questions 13.5 Preparing for the MCAT: Physics 13.6 Physics Worked Examples Physics Passage I Explanation Physics Passage II Explanation 13.7 Physics Practice UNIT IV: CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND REASONING SKILLS CHAPTER 14: Arguments and Formal Logic 14.1 What Is an Argument? 14.2 What Are the Elements of Arguments? 14.3 How Will Arguments Be Tested? 14.4 What Is Formal Logic? 14.5 What Are the Elements of Formal Logic? 14.6 How Will Formal Logic Be Tested? 14.7 Getting the Edge Using Arguments and Formal Logic CHAPTER 15: CARS Question Types 15.1 What Kinds of Questions Will You Be Asked? 15.2 Foundation of Comprehension Questions 15.3 Reasoning Within the Text Questions 15.4 Reasoning Beyond the Text Questions 15.5 How Will CARS Question Types Appear on the Exam? 15.6 Getting the Edge Using CARS Question Types CHAPTER 16: Reasoning Within Passages 16.1 CARS Worked Example I: A Philosophy Passage 16.2 CARS Worked Example II: A Social Science Passage 16.3 CARS Practice Passage I 16.4 CARS Practice Passage II