Tài liệu Quality assessment the air environment in thai nguyen city in the period of 2016 2018

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY TRAN THI DIEU LINH QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF THE AIR ENVIRONMENT IN THAI NGUYEN CITY IN THE PERIOD OF 2016 - 2018 BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode: Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Program Office Batch : 2015 – 2019 Thai Nguyen, 09/2019 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Tran Thi Dieu Linh Student ID DTN1554290039 Quality assessment the air environment in Thai Nguyen Thesis Title city in the period of 2016 - 2018 Supervisor (s) Assoc. Prof. Dr Tran Quoc Hung Supervisor’s signature Abstract: Thai Nguyen city is a metrocity, a political, economic, cultural, educational, scientific, technical, medical, tourism and service center of Thai Nguyen province. In recent years, along with the development of society, activities to build the infrastructure of residential areas, traffic, trade centers, hotels along with the number of motor vehicles above the city area also increased significantly, causing great pressure on air pollution. In general, the air environment in Thai Nguyen city has not been much polluted, toxic gases such as CO, SO2, NO2 all have concentrations within the permitted standard limits. However, in industrial production areas, business and service establishments, on roads and surrounding residential areas, dust pollution, dust concentration exceeds the permissible standards. Keywords Air pollution, Thai Nguyen City, solution, management Number of pages 75 Date of submission 25/09/2019 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT After a period of studying at Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and forestry, I have equipped myself with basically professional knowledge. As the consensus of the university, the dean committee of the International Training and Development Center Office and the direct instruction of Assoc.Prof. Dr. Tran Quoc Hung, I conduct my bachelor thesis: " Quality assessment the air environment in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2016 - 2018.” With deep respect and gratitude, I am extremely grateful to my supervisor Assoc.Prof. Dr. Tran Quoc Hung for his invaluable useful advice, discussions, and comments which brought an added value to this research work. Besides, I would like to thank you for Thai Nguyen center natural resouce and environment of monitoring facilitating me to finish the investigation. I sincerely thank the Headmaster, International Training and Development Center Office and all teachers of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry for enthusiastically teaching and imparting valuable knowledge to me, creating good conditions to help me during my studies at the university. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my family, relatives, and friends who have cared, supported and encouraged me during the process of studying, researching as well as completing this thesis. Due to limited professional qualifications, my thesis may be inevitable shortcomings. I would like to receive the assistance of whole teachers to my thesis to become better. Sincerely yours, Thai Nguyen, September, 2019 Author Tran Thi Dieu Linh ii TABLE OF CONTENT DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT ............................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................... ii TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................................. iii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. 1 LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................... 2 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................. 4 PART I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5 1.1. Research rationale ........................................................................................... 5 1.2. Research’s objectives ...................................................................................... 6 1.2.1. Aims of study ............................................................................................... 6 1.2.2. Significance of study .................................................................................... 6 1.3. Research questions and hypotheses ................................................................. 7 1.4. Limitations ....................................................................................................... 7 1.5. Definitions ....................................................................................................... 8 PART II. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................... 9 2.1. Theoretical base ............................................................................................... 9 2.1.1. Air pollution sources .................................................................................... 9 2.1.2. The harmful effects of air pollution............................................................ 10 2.2. The legal basis ............................................................................................... 13 2.3. An overview of the domestic and foreign research situation. ....................... 13 2.3.1. Research situation over the world .............................................................. 13 2.3.2. The research situation in Vietnam .............................................................. 15 iii PART III. METHODS ....................................................................................................... 20 3.1. Material .......................................................................................................... 20 3.2. Research contents .......................................................................................... 20 3.3. Methods ......................................................................................................... 20 3.3.1. Methods of collecting secondary data ........................................................ 20 3.3.2. Methods of field survey .............................................................................. 20 3.3.3. Methods of investigation and interview with people ................................. 20 3.3.4. Methods of sampling, analysis and comparison, evaluation with standards. .............................................................................................................................. 21 3.3.5. Statistic and data processing methods ........................................................ 22 PART IV. RESULTS .......................................................................................................... 23 4.1 . Natural, economic and social conditions of Thai Nguyen City ................... 23 4.1.1. Natural condition ........................................................................................ 23 4.1.2. Economic and social conditions ................................................................. 24 4.1.3. A general assessment of natural and social conditions affecting air quality in Thai Nguyen City ............................................................................................. 28 4.2. Assessing the air quality environment in thai nguyen city in the period of 2016 – 2018 .......................................................................................................... 30 4.2.1. Sources of pollution .................................................................................... 30 4.2.2. Assessing the air quality environment in thai nguyen city in the period of 2016 – 2018 .......................................................................................................... 33 4.3. Opinions of resident ...................................................................................... 55 PART V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ........................................................ 62 5.1. Discussion ...................................................................................................... 62 5.1.1. What is current situation of air in Thai Nguyen City? ............................... 62 iv 5.1.2. What are possible management and technology solutions to reduce air pollution in Thai Nguyen City? ............................................................................ 63 5.2. Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 64 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 66 QUESTIONNAIRE ............................................................................................................. 68 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Chart illustrates average years of PM10 at automatic monitoring stations .............................................................................................. 16 Figure 2.2: Chart describes average years of PM2.5 at automatic monitoring stations .............................................................................................. 17 Figure 2.3: Chart describes TSP concentration at some streets in the period of 2005-2009 ......................................................................................... 17 Figure 2.4: Chart describes NO2 concentration in the period of 2005-2009 ........ 18 Figure 2.5: Chart describes SO2 concentration in the period of 2005-2009 ........ 19 Figure 4.1: Changes of TSP concentration in the air in Thai Nguyen city area in 2016-2018 ......................................................................................... 37 Figure 4.2: Changes of NO2 concentration in the air in Thai Nguyen city area in 2016-2018 ......................................................................................... 43 Figure 4.3: Changes of CO concentration in the air in Thai Nguyen city area in 2016-2018 ......................................................................................... 48 Figure 4.4: Changes of SO2 concentration in the air in Thai Nguyen city area in 2016-2018 ......................................................................................... 53 1 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Field sampling methods and laboratory analysis ................................ 21 Table 4.1: Statistics of total pollutant load on all routes from the transport in 2017................................................................................................... 31 Table 4.2: Statistics of total dust released from construction activities in Thai Nguyen city ....................................................................................... 32 Table 4.3: Locations of air environment monitoring points in Thai Nguyen city according to the provincial environmental monitoring network ...... 33 Table 4.4: Environmental monitoring results for TSP in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2016 ................................................................................... 34 Table 4.5: Environmental monitoring results for TSP in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2017 ................................................................................... 35 Table 4.6: Environmental monitoring results for TSP in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2018 ................................................................................... 36 Table 4.7: Environmental monitoring results for TSP in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2016-2018.......................................................................... 37 Table 4.8: Environmental monitoring results for NO2 in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2016 ................................................................................... 40 Table 4.9: Environmental monitoring results for NO2 in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2017 ................................................................................... 41 Table 4.10: Environmental monitoring results for NO2 in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2018 ................................................................................... 42 Table 4.11: Environmental monitoring results for NO2 in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2016-2018.......................................................................... 43 2 Table 4.12: Environmental monitoring results for CO in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2016 ................................................................................... 45 Table 4.13: Environmental monitoring results for CO in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2017 ................................................................................... 46 Table 4.14: Environmental monitoring results for CO in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2018 ................................................................................... 47 Table 4.15: Environmental monitoring results for CO in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2016-2018.......................................................................... 48 Table 4.16: Environmental monitoring results for SO2 in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2016 ................................................................................... 50 Table 4.17: Environmental monitoring results for SO2 in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2017 ................................................................................... 51 Table 4.18: Environmental monitoring results for SO2 in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2018 ................................................................................... 52 Table 4.19: Environmental monitoring results for SO2 in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2016-2018.......................................................................... 53 Table 4.20: Statistics of interviewing residents in 6 monitoring environment locations ............................................................................................ 56 3 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS API : Air Pollution Index BTNMT : Natural resources and environment ministry QCVN : National technical regulations on environment TSP : Total suspended dust WHO : World Heath Organazition 4 PART I. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Research rationale Thai Nguyen city is a metrocity, a political, economic, cultural, educational, scientific, technical, medical, tourism and service center of Thai Nguyen province, 80km far from Hanoi. The total natural area is 177km2, the North borders Dong Hy district and Phu Luong district, the East borders Song Cong town, the West borders Dai Tu district, the South borders Pho Yen district and Phu Binh district. Over the past years, along with the general development of the province, Thai Nguyen city has also achieved great socio-economic achievements, industrial, agricultural and forestry production value in the locality. Thai Nguyen City is home to most factories, enterprises, industrial zones such as Gang Thep Thai Nguyen Complex, Cao Ngan Thermal Power Plant, and Luu Xa and Quan Trieu Cement Plant. This is an important factor to promote the socio-economic development of the city, but it is also the factor that causes the problems of the living environment, especially the air environment. In the city, the number of production and business establishments generating emissions in the production process is quite large. These include units capable of generating toxic emissions such as SO2 and heavy metal dust (color metallurgy plants), silicon dust (cement plants) and dangerous organic compounds. The facilities are mostly located in densely populated areas, densely populated and the fact that units with exhaust treatment systems are few or ineffective and the operation of dust treatment systems, emissions are not high. In recent years, along with the development of society, activities to build the infrastructure of residential areas, traffic, trade centers, hotels along with the 5 number of motor vehicles above the city area also increased significantly, causing great pressure on air pollution. In general, dust and emissions causing air pollution in Thai Nguyen city area has caused great impacts on the urban landscape and people's life in the city area. The assessment of the current status of environmental quality, understanding the causes of pollution as well as proposing to develop specific measures to control and minimize air pollution for Thai Nguyen city area is very urgent. For these reasons, I selected the topic "Quality assessment the air environment in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2016 - 2018" to assess the current status quality of air environment, identify the causes polluting the air environment, on that basis, proposed and developed specific solutions to control and reduce air pollution in Thai Nguyen city area. 1.2. Research’s objectives 1.2.1. Aims of study - Assessing the air quality status in Thai Nguyen City in the period of 2016 - 2018 - Provide solutions to minimize air pollution in Thai Nguyen city 1.2.2. Significance of study a. Significance in studies and science researchers Through the implementation of the study, students become familiar with the scientific research, strengthen their knowledge, apply theory to practice, understand how to collect, analyze and process information and work skills 6 b. Significance in life Air pollution is the pressing problem in the world in generally and our country in particularly. So the management air quality must be conducted tightly in order to reduce emissions into the environment. Periodic monitoring air of the city contributes greatly to the environmental management of the city and the competent authorities in the detection parameters exceed permissible emissions standards for reasonable prevention measures timely. The study assesses the air quality of the city exactly, is the base of the environmental protected evaluation of the city. Researching results is the basis for the selection of measures to reduce emissions in the city, facilitate sustainable development. 1.3. Research questions and hypotheses - Is there air pollution in Thai Nguyen City in period 2016 – 2018? - Can we apply some management and techonology solutions to reduce air pollution in Thai Nguyen City? 1.4. Limitations Thesis was conducted during 4 months from March 2019 to July 2019. When researching and reporting on air pollution, there were many limitations to the author due to: - The educational level of the author is not sufficiently specialized in the issue of air pollution. - The funding is not large, so it is not possible to use specialized machines. - Operating time and funds are not sufficient for large-scale research. 7 1.5. Definitions Air pollution is the introduction of particulates, biological molecules, or other harmful materials into Earth's atmosphere, causing disease, death to humans, damage to other living organisms such as food crops, or the natural or built environment. Air pollution may come from anthropogenic or natural sources. (Josie,2015) Particulate Matter (PM) is the term for a mixture of solid particles and liquid drops found in the air. Some common particles such as dust, dirt, soot, smoke are easily detected by the naked eye, but of which there are too small particles that can only be detected through electron microscopy. (McCracken,2016) Total suspended dust (TSP) is the total of aerodynamic particles less than or equal to 100 μm. 8 PART II. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Theoretical base 2.1.1. Air pollution sources There are many sources of air pollution. It can be divided into natural sources and artificial sources.  Natural sources: + Wind pollution: Wind is also one of the causes of air pollution. Dirt, gases that can be pushed away by the wind for hundreds of kilometers make the contamination spread to a large extent quickly. (Thu,2019) + Storm: Generating NOx is the main cause of the storm becoming a cause in the process of causing environmental pollution. Besides sandstorm carrying fine dust (PM10, PM2.5) makes the rate of fine dust pollution increases. (Thu,2019) + Forest fires: Forest fires will increase the amount of nitrous oxide in the air because of the large scale of the fire and a long time of extinguishing. (Thu,2019) + Volcano: When there is a volcanic eruption, an amount of gas. (Thu,2019)  Artificial sources: In addition to natural factors, humans are the main cause of air pollution. Human activities such as living, production, construction, and transportation have an increasingly affect the air environment, making pollution more and more serious and urgent. Here are some of the causes of air pollution under the influence of people: 9 + Smoke, dust from factories: Occupying the largest proportion of the causes of air pollution not only but also water and food sources. In the smoke from factories, there is a large amount of CO2, CO, SO2, NOx, unburnt organic substances: soot, dust, and so on with extremely high concentrations. If in the process of handling bad emissions, it will adversely affect the health of people living in that area. This is also the main cause of acid rain causing a lot of damage to people as well as crops. (Thu,2019) + Traffic: The amount of smoke and dust from cars, motorbikes, vehicles in general using gas fuel to operate ... is also very large because the number of people participating in daily traffic is extremely high. For countries that are either underdeveloped or developing, vehicles may cause more air pollution when using outdated vehicles as well as unreliable public transport infrastructure. (Thu,2019) + Besides, war or military exercises: nuclear weapons, poison gas, chemical warfare and missiles are also one of the causes of this air pollution. (Thu,2019) 2.1.2. The harmful effects of air pollution a. For animals – plants: + Air pollution causes harmful effects to all organisms. (Nam,2017) + Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, fluorine, lead ... directly harm plants when entering stomata, damaging the system to reduce drainage and reduce disease resistance. (Nam,2017) + Earth's warming due to the greenhouse effect also causes changes in plants and animals on Earth. (Nam,2017) 10 + Acid rain also indirectly affects plants and lacks food like Ca and kills soil microorganisms. It causes Al ion to be released into the water to damage the roots (absorbing feathers) and reduce the absorption of food and water. (Nam,2017) + For animals, especially pets, fluoride causes more disasters. They are poisoned by direct inhalation and through the food chain. (Nam,2017) + Acidic air pollutants will combine with water droplets in the cloud to make the water acidic. When the water drops on the ground, it will harm the environment: killing trees, animals, fish, etc. Acidic water also changes the nature of water in rivers, streams, etc harming the living things underwater. (Nam,2017) b. For human:  Dust: + Harmful effects of dust depend on nature (composition) of dust, dust concentration, dust particle size, contact time and personal response. (Phuong,2016) + Dust into the lungs causes mechanical irritation, pulmonary fibrosis leading to respiratory diseases. (Phuong,2016) + Dust can cause eye, skin and blood sugar diseases and other body systems (Dust enters the body and dissolves in blood and body fluids), cardiovascular disease ... + Dust can cause cancer: dust containing toxic ingredients, asbestos dust ...  Dioxide Sulfur (SO2) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2):  Sulfur Dioxide (SO2). 11 + Sulfur Dioxide is a gas formed by oxidation of sulfur (S) when burning fuels such as coal, oil, products of oil, sulfide ore, etc. SO2 is a gas that causes strong respiratory irritation when breathing SO2 gas (even at low concentrations) can cause spasm of the bronchial straight muscles. Large concentrations of SO2 can cause increased mucus secretion in the upper respiratory tract mucosa and bronchial air branches. SO2 affects the function of the lungs, causing pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, causing cardiovascular disease, hypersensitivity in people with asthma. (Phuong,2016) + SO2 poisoning through the skin reduces alkaline reserves in the blood, eliminates ammonia to the urine and releases saliva. (Phuong,2016) + General toxicity of SO2 expressed in disorders of protein and sugar metabolism, lack of vitamins B and C, inhibition of oxidase enzymes.  Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2): + Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2): is a brown gas, produced by Nitrogen oxidation at high temperature. NO2 is a dangerous gas, has a strong effect on respiratory organs especially in susceptible groups such as children, the elderly, asthma sufferers. –If contact with NO2 will damage the lung mucosa, increase the risk of respiratory diseases, damage of lung, eye, nose, and throat functions, etc. (Phuong,2016)  Carbon monoxide (CO) + Carbon monoxide (CO) combined with hemoglobin (Hb) in the blood to be a stable compound, carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO), reduces blood oxygen transport capacity, leading to a lack of oxygen in the blood. (Phuong, 2016)  Ammonia (NH3) 12 + NH3 is a toxic gas that can strongly stimulate the nose, mouth and respiratory system. + Exposure to NH3 at a concentration of 100mg / m3 in a short period of time will not have long-term consequences, but if exposed to NH3 at a concentration of 1500-2000 mg / m3 for 30 minutes, it will be dangerous to live. (Phuong,2016) 2.2. The legal basis - Environmental Protection Law of Vietnam No. 55/2014 / QH13 dated 23/06/2014 - Circular No.28 / 2011 / TT-BTNMT 01/08/2011 of Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental regulated technical processes of environmental monitoring ambient air and noise. - Circular No.21 / 2012 / TT-BTNMT dated 12/19/2012 Regulations on quality assurance and quality control in environmental monitoring. - National technical regulations on environment. - QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT: National Technical Regulations on Ambient Air Quality. - QCVN 06:2009/BTNMT: National technical regulations on some toxic substances in the ambient environment. - QCVN 26:2010/BTNMT: National technical regulations on noise. 2.3. An overview of the domestic and foreign research situation. 2.3.1. Research situation over the world In new estimates free, WHO reports that in 2012 around seven million people died - one in eight of total world deaths as a result of pollution exposure. 13 This finding quite doubles previous estimates and confirms that air pollution is presently the world's largest single environmental health risk. Reducing pollution might save many lives. (Anilla Cherian, 2015) In 2012, Italy had the best range of premature deaths within the EU28 due to gas and dioxide exposure. Nearly half of London's most disadvantaged neighborhoods exceeded EU dioxide (NO2) limits in 2017 compared with two of its wealthiest areas. Heart-attack survivors exposed to semipermanent pollution within the London space were a lot of probably to be readmitted to the hospital, wherever they conjointly had higher mortality rates. Similar findings were according to France, Germany, Malta, The Netherlands, Wales, and Wallonia, per data-mining analysis from the EU atmosphere Agency. (Kosovo, 2018). In a recent announcement by Chinese officials, Beijing is being placed in the level of red alert on air pollution, perhaps even a large-scale air pollution crisis. In November 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) said that the level of smoke in China was 50 times higher than the organization's safety recommendation. A number will certainly startle more people about the level of pollution in China, which is 4,000 people die every day due to pollution in China. Beijing has also closed many factories, schools, limited construction works and many other recreational activities from December 8-10, 2015. Although Beijing has experienced a lot of terrible pollution, this is the first time the Chinese capital has issued such a high-level ban. (WHO, 2015) The level of air pollution in Hong Kong has risen to a record high, with the Environmental Protection Agency warning of the "toxic smoke" covering the city as a threat to the people. The Hong Kong government has said that the 14