Be H 0
•
VANH
3. NGHIEN
•
e
cau VA PHE BiNH VAN HQC
Tront chU'O'ng trinh Vi?t dq.i
Khoa, chUng toi phg. trach
Cfl'fYftg ,;.
mpt giiJ'
lOp lJ'tl' hi
vI! Van ht;c T3ng quae.
ChIing toi dil nhiY dip giang dq,y tren d! say nghi
van dl lien quan den van hl}c
if.
not ck:tng va van
s.
kpe ViII
nam noi rieng.
Trong hai t4p Llrq'c Khao 1, II, chUng tOt dO. triM
iay ve dink nghia, cong dltng cia van ht;Jc va loq.i tli'
1'an "hQc
thuyet, kich thO'). Tront
t4P
III nay, dank
etto van de Nghien ctru va Phe bin" van ht;Jc.
ChUng toi khOng phai la nM phi binh van hfl',
khOng phdi
din,
121 nM nghien czru van. hf)c vi khOng «U kh,
nhrrng chi 121 ngzriri hay muon suy luqn ve mf!.C flick,
tang ml}i S1f, nen cling muon tim
nhz tang cua vdJI
eua c8ng trink nghien czi'u viz phi binh van h9c.
Nkfi:ng suy ngki nh¢n xet trong tq.p nay, neu co b_
ham m{Jt quan
gi thi ding chi cO mf!.C dick nhdm g(fi
y den viii
j, nlur mpt gid thuyet nhiim gki to-i nhfi:ng ai
de, va
nhfit
Nn iJ.¥&.
ia
glh to-i nhii'ng nha nghien
am vi! phi
Khi nh1n vao sinh hogt pM binh vtfn Tz!'c 6- Vi'! nom
(fir
trU'tYc (ten nay chUng tM nhqn tMy sinh ho(}t tren
phe binlz tay phll'O'ng -
.d¥,a vew nhfi'ng q11an
rna chung
!Juan
tM glli
la
nhfi'ng
eli so v6'i nhii'ng quan
hifn aaf 6' tay phU'O'ng chtra du:fJ'c ti" dq.ng vao pM binh van
nam - nhii:ng qu.(l-n
h9C
nay (nhrr phi binh gido
khoa, tam ly xQ. Mi••• ) deu abi hOi nhii'ng kien thu-c lich
ve tae gid, tac phlim, th?ri aq.i, th?Yi
dieu
khOng'
nghien
Ct1'U
szr
sang tac nhu: ml)t
khong co. Chinh vi. dM hoi tren, ma
van h9C tro' thank quan tr.;mg, din thilt.
Nhl1'ng nhin vao tinh trq.n.g van
gid, tac phiim, th?Yi dq.i, thiYi
6' Vi?t nam
tUe
sang tdc, ngU'l/i ta khOng
khai Jail 1(m'!. nhq.n t!z:]v:
-
Hoar; til chtillR dm "iIi liqu gi. Va vinh viln chdt;
kh8ng tim ra QU'(yc,
-
Hoqc Iii Can ehUt it, nl:cmg clura du:r;rc
chli'n,
x6c dang.
Chll'a noi den nhii-ng quan ni?m p1,e binh eli ,,', iflInE
nay sai, cM n6i (Un c6 tH "he blnh thea nhii:Ji"
';'.?'
nif,n
trb! kh1ng trong hoan cinh thiJ'1 ad U¢u haije,:' .f;;"
Ch1JNA
dll'!rC ki?m clzli'ng? Lam soo c6
qua guy'!t g
Du trong rruy¢n [{ieu khi chu'a xac Ci{'l!l
1'(:
dim 5,1"
tho;
sting tac tTuyijn K teu Ltl Imb'c hay saa khi nhO. viln T4'
tam quan l1tj-inha NguyJn? Lam sao dam phtin tam hlJc HlJ
xudn HU'O'ng khi chU'a biet chac chtin
xadn HuO'ng,
va
co
hay khOng
m
nhfi:ng thO' tem ra phdn tach c6 thf!c S(l'
Ii« da HO xutin H uO'ng hay khOng '?
z.- N1u ci1.r. _c l' vuo nhii'ng dOi hoi chink xdc khoa
"""i
1u}c, c6 Ie phdi xet ....
1 fie
nhi'eu nhii:ng cong tTinh bien soq.,.
.
l1iln h{Jc szi- vet pM binh viln ht)c til' tTU'6'c (ten nay,
trrrirng h{Yp xet lq.i ma thf!C ra la khong
va
trong
thOa miin aU'p'c-
nhii'ng toi hOi tren, phdi chiing nghien Ctt!Z va pM binh rO'i
Vclo tinh cdnh M tite ?
Th"c ra khOng phdi Ii phi binh van hoc M tiic ma chi
mQt
so quan
pM binh bi bl tac, nhii:ng quan ni?m dOl
hOi ki€n thli'c lich szi-
ve tac gia,
tac phlim, thiri dq.i .•• nhU'
d,i'eu kifn khOng tM thieu. V t,Zy nel/. co nh:ii:ng quan nifm pM
binh
kltae
khOng aM hoi kien thttc lich szi- nhU' il.{eu ki?TI.
tlIt)'lu, vi chi yeu cEiu bam sat vaa chinlz tac pMm va tim
m{Ji Sf! (tam
quan
ly, xii Mi, tTilt iy v.v.) til' tae phlim, nhii:ng
tren c6 the 411't)'c coi nhU' mQt IOl thodt eho phi-
binh viln hf)c khOng, dq.c bift III pM binh nhii:ng tac pMm v(}
dank, kkuyet dank? Trong viin tU'f)'ng pM binh khong d"a vaQ
nhii:ng gicii thfch tac phtim Mng lich szi-, thi
tU't)'ng vti-
IcMn.t A&a IG "'" , . .
ngu'lJn tir mvt quan
l1iln A9c? '
4anht khuyet danh pluJi chang ci1ng
.xot dang dec, vl no Mt
Lam Sao c6 tM khdo dfnh hi4u dink cbtnh x.c khi ....
van khong phdi vi ella tM hay 4fIQ I'iin ma lil do . . fIMII
sang tac, ve van chuO'ng t vl nhiJ. vdn t:Da "grri 1f.lZGI
nicm
•• -Ngay cd trong trulmg h{J'p co vdn Ula 4trlJ'c. kilza
-t=hlhzgt c6 the. pM blnh dling tac giat tac pUnt khlJag"
Van dl khOng con phdi' III tili
rna
Ia chink kba n8DI
cua pM binh, 116Jz iR chan 1y Cua tde phhtn t1l4o
Chang hq.n, gid thu: chUng ta
tac
gid.
tim tflzv£ nkitat tili li#ta
kMng
eMi clii nhtr nh4t kjt di cao ghi 7tb4n qad thQ:t
Nguy'in Du co My to tam s'F Hoai I.e trOllf trllYfIC Ki"El1, thi
(/6 £iing ehtra M.n th'l!c S'I! Nguy'in Do 4{J c9 •
..
vi
.c6
Nguyln Du khOng c6 tdm s'F tren JIiIrrIIg . . ghi ill
.co nham
h9 cha minh sau nay;
{;(l/tIli
chUng ta tf€u khOng co cti£h ncio xac. 71:lz4n *rc ,.. 11 czia
lac
ph?im thea tcit: gid.
to.
Jim
Nhung phe blnh phdi chang chi cIJ 7Rf!C did-day nldit
chan
ly cua
tac ph?im theo ta(: &ii miJ e6 th.,
kh ol1g baa gilr dQt d1r,t}'c hay elm
ly eua tac ph1i.m ? N6i
nMc
lin qua
Mm tim hilu nhi'tng
cMn ,
each khac phe binh kh6ng phdi ia _
:
mQt qua quyei Ifl.i nhiing gi ttk gid dO muim nil f
lac phlim,
ma elm
za
nhii'ng sang
tflO
tir
tac pM",_ '
co
Vall
hibJ drin: kp-c tdm lj
tee Iii
",ollf viln tU'Q'nt trhc,,,.. tlNnh ."tIn de c6
sf!: ttii gi& qUI! t£',1i3ttc
iMfl'
9IIll tac ph_
can *n
lfdI lay nMt.
•
caa
,ke. bmh,r
V an
trin citi tW eft! gidl tuytt 1trf"C hang c6.ch dln
chinlt ttic pMnt 'nIut: mit kiift ttQl; ltioff. Rgi-.
ti!ta
trin se My to
_
i
,nfhra clia
dinh ,ki Wni long
,
dink giU' htpl, oda 1ffI)i phi Mtti.
;,oat
,£)o la mf1y y kien then rMt m4 chliIlt t6i _6tt My iii
lIong tqp S&;h
nuy. C1urung mpt
niU lin nhiJ:ng kit.
khan 'lien qUQn den phllit nghien cli'U van 1u)c. Chu:O'ng hal"
gitH
sf) quan
cii,
su-a S0tl.1l dft:.
vifa ttl y nghia va gigi hrpz. coo mlli quan
phi binh
_&It
cTr«-uRe .. .
La! MO BAU
VAN
DE
-. QUAN DIEM.
van chtrO'ng c6
dung de chi dinh nhfrng
"de ph?im do nM van sang
mQt cuon
m9t
bai thO', mQt vcy kich. Van chU'O'ug bicu. 19 sinh
laID van tren binh
sang taco Suy
nghien cfru,
phe bioh van chu-O'ng lil sinh
van h<;>c.
Nha nghien ciru van hQc chuyen ve kb:io d1n11,
dinh, cM giai tac ph'tim; aha phe binh van hQc
nMm phe phan t:k pharo v&i ttl' each la m!}t t:k pham
Nha lam van hQc str thU'o-ng kiem luonca
hai cong lac tren : nghten Ctl'U ve lich SU- va phe blnh
Vf ngh?
NhU'ng dli Mn, nghien ctru, phe binh, deu kh6ng
Q:tr<;YC phai dl}"a vao nhfrng tieu
hay can
Ctt tren m¢t quan
vo dnh hay hfru y ; vi
dii khOng co y chit tnrO'ng mQt quan
nao hay
khOng y thu-cdtrQ'c Sl!
khOng
dU'Q'c pha;
<11,1'3 vao
quan
tbi khi lam cong tac nghicn
CttU, I'M blah, van hQc sUo.
d\1'a vao mQt
quan
nhfrng tieu
DaO <16. Nha It
van
hQC suy nghive sinh hO;lt, nghien cu-u, phe blnh trel'l :
nit ra nhfrng tieu
quan
xet.pMn, xac dinh y nghia,
ttj giCYi
ciia nhfrng
tie" ;;"JnJ!ln. quan
phf bInh, nghien clru•.•
va
NGUytN VAN TRUNG-
10
duQ'c
ra va trinh
quan diem Iy
van hQC (x).
sau day
la
&-
•
B1NH VAN HOC.
Phe binh van hQc 1a phan doan tMm dinh gia tri_
mqt t3c
Nhung nha phe binh can cit V30. nhfrng
tieu
nao '?
a) lieu
tf"lU$t ; nghia la nhfrng tieu
lien can den
xay d\t'ng cau van, dlu
hinh anh,
dch cham cau, gieo
van v.v... Nhung tieu chuan.
nb do ai de ra '?
x) Do chfnh tac gia de ra va bao ham trong
tac
Trong truCrng hgp nay, pM binh chi rut'ra nhfrng tieu
va pM phan xem Hc
co
duQ'c nbfrng tieu
ngM
do chinh t:k
giii de fa khong,
the
dugc t6'i m{rc dQ nao '?
N6i
khac, nha pM binh nMn
tieu
cua tac gia
phe phan tac phamcua tac
2)
do mQt
my h9C khach quan, ph1)
bien. Nha pM binh can cir vao nhfrng tieu chui:ln t()ng
quat chung cho ci mQi nguo-i de dauh gia tac
oeu.a mQt nguo-i.
b) TifuJ
kh6ng phai ngM
x) Van hQc sUo (.luh huo-ng eua nhfrng nha
van di tnr6'c : nguOn gec, xuat xU- du van, y tuang),
(I) Xem tll-im : Yin chu-O'ng vin hQc. Chu-aDi
i:lalo \'Ia
IaQC I)
I
(Lu-O'c:
iNGON NGU VAN CHuaNG•••
II
2) Mirc dQ phan anh xa h¢i y t3m lY. Tac pham
co phan
th1,,1'c
hay khong ? Mot each linh d¢ng y
trung thanh hay vvng ve gi
em phan tam hQc
eua Freud "ao
phan tach con ngU'Cri Ho xuan
HU'O'ng qua thO' dU'Q'c gan cho Ho xuan
IDQt
phU'O'ng pMp doi hoi phai biet tU'Crr g
deri song
tinh dm tham kin ella ngU'Cyi bi Phan tach trong khi
nhfrng dieu ta biet ve Ho xuan HU'O'ng chi la giai
truyen vi ehU'a co bang e& lieh Str nao xac
th\fc va chinh thtrc ve tieu Str nft S1, phai chang 130 lam
cc,ng tac pM binh mQt each moo
lieu Hnh va thieu
nghiem tue?
Do do, tfU'&e khi pM binh phai xac dinh tac
pham co ph:ii la ehinh tac
dinh pM binh hay
khOng, co phai la ella ehfnh tac gia
dU'gc' cong
n h?n hay khOng'? N oi each kh:k, phai khao dfnh va hieu
dinh tac pham, tac gia mQt cach khoa hQc. nghia
d\fa vao nhfrng sil'
xac th\fc, chtr khOng phai vao
]y
Nhtrng trong trtt'erng hgp khOng hy vQng tim fa
str li?u lien quan den tac
tac
nhtr trU'Crng
h9'P van chU'O'ng vo
khuyet danh thi phai nghi
t6'i !lImng phU'O'ng pMp nghien etru va phe binh
tranh o'(1ng phai) nhfrng kho khan ve str
khOng
vU'gt qua dttgc & tren ?
de nghien cuu qch sUo ve van hQc Ya doi hOi
tranh khOi nhii'ng k1a6
khan do nhu ·diu Str
gay nbt
can thiEt
nam.
trong tinh caub van hQc
V
tim ra nhfrng phuO'ng phap
CHtTO'NG
ClfU VAN HQC.
I :
Chung ta tim
tinn tr*ng thieu sUo
ve tae
lac
thai
ve .flho-i
sang tac va clui
.Uch sang t:k trong van hqc
nam, nhat la van kQc
vi nhirug van
neu len til' nhung kh6 khln vl
.ir
tren.
en
.a,
CHU"O'NG II: PHE BINH VAN HQC.
ChUng ta sE tim
1) NhO'ng quan
:
binh cO nhu :
-
PM binh lu!in If :
-
PM binh xi
-
A l y'
Phe" b'm htam
-
Phe binh giao khoa' (theo Lanson).
2) NhO'ng quan
'p dvng veo trong
(theo Taine, Mac xit).
1
thea phan tam
hQCo
,
theo dnh tmh hQc.
binh
hoc
d"i, chua duQ'c
nam nhu:
-
TAm phAn hQc
sinh (psychaaalyse e.istentielleY ciia Saltre.
-
TAm phAn hQc vtt cMt (psych. matt!.
riellet
G. Bachelara.
cu.
1
"(,
'
:,
:
- ,TS. pllAn bh! .w.u (M4he eatilC}'t1e}
<
,.
:?.
-
Pl\e blJlh chid! {«itique tite.atiquet
•
P. Weber. J. P.·Richatd.
- --1IiW blah Co- cia:
structurale}
R. Bartl1es.
. - L.
0I!."ng tac
gia. lac
\,
giai quycl lung van de nh ... kieu.ong Hoang XUbD Hin !am.
(2)
Iranb lin I. tl9ng IreD, co Ie nen th'!c hi¢D sang tie"
chu-c I fop be;
Dhhg . .6 vlill giA lio co. s6nt blng cacb tiep 'clic
v"i chtnb Uc Iii dA Itin sDb lie Iii. va Ilhi-Dg cLi tiEl lien qu.a .leD
doi .&ng cOlOl. Ill, vA den s¥'
lim "in cua bg ho,c pheng ,,58
hg va Ibll 9ft mar gbi i",. de sail kbi It", qu:! dai, cO lai
dfch It'C
'0'
ma Ihauh . . . -he
aalti ftn.
'
NOON NGtt V AN CHUaNO•••
Do
dinh chinn, su-a chua nhfrng nmm Ian,
ngQ
thien kien th;t Ill; can thiet dai ViH ngu-iri
lam v.an hQc sunam.
A) TINH TRI)NG
NAM.·
.
str
LI$U VAN BQG VI$T
Tinh
sir
van hQc
nam
ngbeo
nan vi mat mat EJua
va phan' con
ebUt it tMt
dang nghi ngo- vi co nhieu nham 11nt gia .
Co
nhieu
nhan giai tbieh tinh
tren. CMng
:
XUAT BAN AN LOAT THO
THIEN: Tbuo- Xtr3, ch1.1'a c6 ky ngM an 10att trir aha
chUa va
dinb co phU'O'ng
an loat thO SOOt
con trong dan chung chi luu truyen bf1ng each chep
tay. Den khi btlt ehU'Qoc Trung quac cai tien ng-he
kMc van in, cling khOng pM!
duQ'c 13 baot
vi phi ton qua d:\t. Van tot hO'n ca 130 van gO c'ay thi
cO chat chat nen mQt kho ant nn;U'ug cac nba hang sach
it van chi kMc vao van ga xaU t va ciing chi kMc du'Q'c
mQt so ban nbat dinh. NhU' bay gio-t in
hai ba
nghin cuon, ma miYi ba ch1;tc nam sau (fa kh6 kiem,
phU'O'ng chi chi 13 chep tay hay is kMc vai ba ban.
13m sao khOi
mat '?
2 . - TiNH
BAo QUAN:
in ali
kJiong 4U9'C
bien. tinh
bao qulin I:]i Tat sO'
eli. S4cb chep tay vao gi5y ban hay
vao ga rat d!
bi moi mC}tt
tnap lam hU'
khOng duQ'C cat gifr
20
NGUYSli, V
TRUNG
trQng nhil'ng chit-I:: t.bU'
qui mo nhu-My gi
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