bài tập địa số tuyến tính
PHAN HUY PHIJ • NGUYEN DOAN TUAN
BAI TAP
DAI SO TUYEN TINH
NHA XUAT BAN HAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI
Chin trach nhiem xual bcin
doe:
Gicim
NGUYEN VAN THOA
Tong bien Op:
Bien tap:
NGUYEN THIEF N GIAP
HUY CHU
DOAN 'MAN
NGOC QUYEN
Trinh bay Ilia:
NGOC ANH
BAI TAP DAI sq TUYEN TINH
Ma s6: 01.249.0K.2002
In I .501) cudn, tai Xtiiing in NXI3 Giao thong van tai
S6 xuat ban: 49/ 171/CXS. S6 Inch ngang 39 KH/XB
In xong va Opt [Yu chi& CM/ I narn 2002.
Lai NOI DAU
Mon Dai s$ tuygn tinh dude dua vao giang day a hau hat
cac trUnng dai hoc va cao dang nhtt 1a mot mon hoc cd se; can
thigt d@ tigp thu nhUng mon hoc khan. Nham cung cap them
mot tai lieu tham khao phut vu cho sinh vien nganh Toan vi
cac nganh Ki thuat, chting Col Bien soan cugn "BM tap Dai so
tuygn tinh". Cugn each dude chia lam ba chudng bao g6m
nhUng van d6 Cd ban cna Dal so tuygn tinh: Dinh thfic va ma
trail - Khong gian tuygn tinh, anh xa tuygn tinh, he phticing
trinh tuygn tinh - Dang than phttdng.
Trong mOi chudng chung toi trinh bay phan torn tat lY
thuyat, cac vi du, cac hal tap W giai va cugi mOi chudng c6 phan
hudng dan (HD) hoac dap s6 (DS). Cac vi du va bai tap &roc
chon be a mac an to trung binh den kh6, c6 nhUng bai tap
mang tinh 1± thuygt va nhUng bai tap ran luyen ki nang nham
gain sinh vien higu sau them mon lice.
Chung toi xin cam on Ban bien tap nha xugt ban Dai hoc
Qugc gia Ha Nei da Lao digt, kien de cugn sach som dude ra mat
ban doe.
Mac du chting tea da sa dung 'Lai lieu nay nhigu narn cho
sinh vien Toan Dal hoc Su pham Ha NOi va da co nhieu co gang
khi bier, soon, nhUng chat than con có khigm khuygt. Cluing
toi rat mong nhan dude nhUng y kin clang gap cna dee gia.
Ha N0i, thcing 3 !Lam 2001
NhOni bien soan
3
rvikic LUC
Chubhg .1: DINH THOC - MA TRA:N
7
A - Tom tat ly thuyeet
7
§1. Phep th6
7
§ 2. Dinh thitc
§ 3. Ma tram
10
B - Vi dn
12
C - Bei tap
35
D HtiOng dein hoac clap so
43
Chudng 2. KHONG GIAN VECTO - ANH XA TUYEN TINH
•
PHUGNG TRINH TUYEN TINH
57
A - TOrn tat ly thuyeet
57
§1. Kh8ng gian vec to
57
§2. Anh xa tuyeen tinh
61
§ 3. He phydng trinh tuy6n tinh
64
§4. Can true caa tai ding cku
67
B Vi dtt
71
C - Biti tap
96
§1. 'thong gian vec to va anh xa tuyeen tinh
96
§2. He pinking trinh tuy6n tinh
104
§3. Cau tit cna melt tu thing calu
106
D. Illidng sign ho(tc clap s6
110
5
§1. Khong gian vec td va anh xn tuyin tinh
11(
§ 2. He phudng trinh tuyeit tinh
12';
§3. Cau trite dm mot tg ang cau
12Z
Chtedng
DANG TOAN PHUONG - KHONG GIAN VEC TO
OCLIT VA KHONG GIAN VEC TO UNITA
134
A. Tom Vitt 1t thuyeet
134
§1. Dang song tuy6n tinh aol xUng va dang town phuong
139
§ 2. Killing gian vec to gent
135
§3. Khong gian vec to Unita
142
B. Vi du
14E
C - Bai DM
174
D. Hitting dan hotic ditp so
179
Tai lieu them khan
192
6
Chuang 1
DINH THUG - MA TRAN
A - TOM TAT Lt THUYET
§1. PHEP THE
Met song anh o tit tap 11, 2,
met phep the bac n, ki hieu la
'1 2 3
\
G
I
a2
G
n} len chinh no duet goi la
3
15 del a, = a(1), 02 = a(2),..., a„ = a(n).
Tap cac phep the bac n yeti phep nhan anh xa lap thanh
met nhom, goi la nh6m del xeing bac n, ki hieu S. S6 cac Olen
t3 cua nhom S„ bang n! = 1, 2... n.
Khi n > 1, cap s6 j} (khong thu tv) dude pi IA met nghich
the cem a n6u s6 - j) (a, a) am. Phep the a &foe goi la than
ndeM s6 nghich thg. cim a chan, a &toe goi la phep the le n6u s6
-
nghich the ciaa a le.
Ki hieu sgna =
1 neM s la phep the chan
-1 net} a la phep th6 le
va sgna goi IA deu am, phep the a. Neu a vat la hai phOp the
cling bac, thi sgn(a
= sgn(a) . sgn( ).
Phep the a chicly goi IA met yang xich do dai k n6u c6 k s6 i„
• - • , i k doi mot khac nhau dr
coo = 12 , coo = i3,
a(ic) = i1
7
va a(i) = i vdi moi i x i„
i k . Vong )(felt do dttoc ki hieu IA
ik ). M9i phep th6 dau &tan tfch the thanh tfch nhung
yang xfch doe lap.
Met vOng xfch do dal 2 dude goi IA met chuygn trf. Vong
••• , ik) phan tfch chive thanh tfch 0 1 ,
xfch
§ 2. DINH THUG
I. Gia sit K IA met trueng (trong cuan sich nay to din yau
xet K la &Ong s6thvc K hoac truang s6 phitc C). Ma tran kidu
(m, n) vdi cox phan tit troll twang IC la met bang chit nhat gfim
m hang, n cet cac phan tit K, i = 1,m, j = 1,n. Tap cac ma
tran kidu (m, n) chive kf hieu M(m, n, R). Ma trail vuong cap n
IA ma tran co n dong, n cot. Tap cac ma trail vu8ng cap n vdi cac
phan tit thuoc truong K ki hiOu IA Mat(n, K).
2. Cho ma tr4n A vuong cap n, A = (ad, i, j = 1, 2, ..., n.
Dinh thitc ciia ma tran A, kf hieu det A la met flan tit dm K
dude xac dinh nhu sau:
detA =
zsgn(a)a mo)
E
Sn
3. Tinh eh& ceta Binh that
a) Neu dgi cho hai dong (hoac hai cot) nao do cim ma tram
A, thi dinh auk cim no ddi da:u.
b) N6u them veo met dong (hoac met cot) cim ma tran A
met to hdp tuygn tinh cim nhUng thing (hoac nhung
khac,
thi dinh auk khong thay ddi.
8
•
phan tfch thanh tong, thi
c) Ngu mot Bong (hay mot
dinh thitc dU9c phan tfch thanh tong hai dinh thfic, cv th6:
f
an
de
= det
al;
a 21
21
a2„
a,,, + ani
‘ a n„
a ll
an,
ail
a21 +alci
...a1,„
+ de t
all
a21
—a 1111/
d) Cho A = (Ito)
E
...a2 n
" S ' Ill " S IM /
Mat(n, K), thi
= b)
a do
= aij &toe
goi la ma tran chuy6n vi cim A.
Ta co detA = detA t.
4. Cdch tinh dinh that
a) Cho ma tran A
E
Mat(n, K). Kf hi'911 Mi; la dinh that cua
ma trail alp (n-1) nhan dine bAng cach gach be clOng thU i, cot
thu j cut ma tram A vb. Aij = (-1)H M u clucic g9i la pha'n phu dai
s6cUa phgn to aii cna ma trait A. Ta có CAC tong thtic:
O ngu i k
det A ngu i = k
O
ngu i x k
det A ngu i = k
Nhu fly detA = EamAki (k = 1, 2, ... n)
1=1
heat detA = Z a ikAik
/=1
9
CUT thac tit throe goi la cang thdc khai trim dinh tilde
theo (long hay theo cot.
b) Dinh 1ST Laplace
Cho ma Iran A = (a, J) c Mat(n, K). Vo; rn6i bQ
;2.••, ix),
va Oh
ik),
1 s i, <1 2 < . <
1 =11 < j2 < •••
a co
nghich the'. Vi vay, do so' nghich th6 caa a la k <
,
nen ten tai i o dg oc ii) < a i0+1 ;
0„) trong do 111 i = a ngu i # i„, i„ + 1,
Xet hoan vi p =
con p io = a ;0+1 , p i+, =a,„ thi HI rang 13 co nhigu hon a met
,
nghich the". Nghia la s6 nghich th6 ciga p la k + 1.
17
Nhan cot thu nhal ciia ma tran A vdi -k rdi cOng vac) cot
this k, ta dude:
1 -1 -2 ... -(n-1)
1 0 -1
- (n - 2)
det A = 1 0 0 .. - (n - 3)
1 0 0
0
Khai trio'n the() dung Ulu n, ta ea:
-1 -2 ... -(n -1)
-1
= (-1)" +1. (-1)"-'=1
Cdch 2.
Ta tha'y A= B. ca do
1
1
0
B=
t1
vi C=
1
11
ma detB =1, detC = 1 nen detA = detB. detC = 1.
Vi du 1.9. Hay tinh
cosa
1
1
2cosa
= 0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2cosa
0
2cosa
1
1
2cosa
21
Lai gidi:
Khai trim dinh thac Lheo cot cub" to co
D„ = 2cosa .
-
17,1 _2
De thay D, = cosa.
1
= 2coi2a - 1 = cos2a.
2cosa,
cosa
Gia sa D1 = cosia \TM moi = 1, . k.
Ta có
Dk,I =
2cosa .
Dk - Dk_ i
= 2.cosa . coska - cos(k -Da.
= (cos(k+Da + cos(k-1)x) - cos(k-1)a = cos(k+1)a.
Nhn vay D„ = cosna
Vi do 1.10
Hay Dull
A„ =
1
0
+ a-9
1
e" +e 1
1
0
a
0
N x0
1
1 eP + e -(1)
do the phan to tren &tang choo chinh bang nhau va band
eq) +e -9 ; the phan tit tren hai &tong xien Win nhat \TM (Mang
the() chinh bang 1, con the phAn ta khac bang 0.
22
Khai trin theo cot tht nhEt, to c6:
A n = (e P +e -P)A n _i:
e 21' - e -2(P
Nlinn xet rang 4 1 = 6 9 +Cc =
A2 =
-
((i
6
e
e ro
36 - -39
e (P -
e (1+1)6 - e -(lrv1),p
Girt sit
AR -
e (-0 -e
,
(P
k - 1, 2,
, n - 1.
Ta c6 An = (e c e -P)A n _ i -A n_,
=(eP +e w)e
nip - e npe( n-1) n4)
ew
Nhu v 6. }.:
An =
e
- e
(:+1)o - e -(n+1)4'
—
e q) -
e (n+1)p
- e
-(n+1),p
e 1 -e
Vi du 1.11
Tinh:
ll
1
D = dot 1
a1
a,
an
a l: +h i
a,
an
a1
a, +b.,
an
a1
a.9
...
a n +b n
23
Lai gidi:
LAY ciOng dAu nhan vOi -1 r6i Ong vao
1ai to có ngay D = b, 1) 2 ...b„.
cac thing con
,
Vi du 1.12
Cho da thric P(x)=x(x+1)...(x+n)
Hay tinh Binh thdc:
P(x)
P(x)
P(x +1)
P(x +1)
P(x + n)
...
P(x +n)
d=
P(n-1) (x) P th-1) (x+1)
P thl (x)
Pthl (x +1)
P th-1) (x + n)
P (n) (x +n)
gidi:
Ta b6 sung de' dude ma Han dip (n+2):
P(x)
P(x +1)
P(x +n)
P(x)
P4x+1)
P4x+n)
D=
P (n ) (x)
Pthd(x +1)
P0P(x + n)
pg+0(
x +n )
P(„+l) (x) 1301+1) (x +1)
0
0
0
1
RO rang det D = d
(x +n
Nhan dOng 1111 k cua ma trail D vdi
dc-ix( 1) k-1 r6i
(k-1)!
Ong vao clang Hirt nhgt vgi tat ca k=2, .. n+2).
Khi do, phAn tii dung dau có clang:
poc + 0 +
k=1
24
P(k) (x +0.(x +11.) k
k!
ok
=
n).
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